Lithium conductivity characteristics of amorphous lithium silicate and lithium alumosilicate materials and their compaction

[no abstract

From perception to execution: Elucidation of signaling components that link initial MTI activation to local and systemic immunity in Arabidopsis

In order to resist pathogens plants have evolved so‐called pattern recognition receptors (PRR) for early detection of microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Binding of these molecules to their cognate PRR leads to the activation of plant immunity (MTI). Recently, it has been shown that accumulation and function of the PRR EFR that recognizes the bacterial elongation factor (EF)‐Tu epitope elf18, is dependent on functional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐resident glucosidase II (GII). A weakly dysfunctional gIIa allele, designated rsw3, is impaired in late and sustained activation of defense‐related genes, despite wild‐type like early defense activation upon elf18 treatment. Nevertheless, rsw3 plants exhibit a super‐susceptible phenotype towards Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and fail to induce EFR‐mediated resistance. Those findings indicate the significance of sustained MTI activation for robust defence execution. However, the mechanism linking initial MAMP detection to robust and sustained immune activation remains elusive. A whole genome transcript analysis revealed a group of genes which failed to be induced in rsw3 at 10 hours post treatment with elf18. In silico analysis provided evidence for those genes to be directly involved in defense execution in the presence of pathogens. Among those genes we identified PBS3. Analysis of pbs3 plants exhibited a similar phenotype as rsw3 plants showing impairment in sustained elf18‐triggered transcriptional reprogramming, pointing to an important role of the PBS3 enzyme and its catalysed products during EFR‐mediated immunity. In addition, EFR‐induced sustained PROPEP2 and PROPEP3 up‐regulation could not be maintained in rsw3 plants. Those genes encode for two putative precursor proteins of endogenous elicitor peptides in Arabidopsis. The Leu‐rich repeat receptor kinases PEPR1 and PEPR2 recognize the Pep‐epitopes, triggering immune outputs which are reminiscent of MAMP responses. Those findings suggest that the Pep/PEPR pathway acts as an amplifying machinery of MTI. In this respect, sustained induction of PROPEP2 and PROPEP3 upon elf18‐elicitation might represent a mechanism of linking initial MAMP signaling activation to robust immunity. Here we show that basal defense against hemibiotrophic pathogens as well as the generation of SAR is compromised in pepr1 pepr2 plants, providing evidence for a role of this signaling system in plant immunity. By analyzing genome‐wide transcriptional changes, we obtained commonalities and differences between EFR‐ and PEPR‐regulated genes and pathways. Our data indicate that Pep/PEPR signaling activation facilitates co‐activation of typically antagonizing salicylate and jasmonate pathways, consistent with a role of PEPRs for defenses against hemibiotrophic pathogens. Interestingly, the expression of PROPEP2 and PROPEP3 is predominantly detectable at local challenged sites during SAR, pointing to a role of the Pep/PEPR pathway in the generation of systemic immune signals. In sum, the data presented in this work uncover possible novel mechanism linking MTI activation to defense execution and reveal new insights into the function of the PEPR signaling pathway during basal defense and SAR

Direct no-carrier-added 18F-labelling of arenes via nucleophilic substitution on aryl(2-thienyl)iodonium salts

For in vivo imaging of molecular processes via positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers of high specific activity are demanded. In case of the most commonly used positron emitter fluorine-18, this is only achievable with no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride, which implies nucleophilic methods of 18F substitution. Whereas electron deficient aromatic groups can be labelled in one step using no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride, electron rich 18F-labelled aromatic molecules are only available by multi-step radiosyntheses or carrier-added electrophilic reactions. Here, diaryliodonium salts represent an alternative, since they have been proven as potent precursor for a direct nucleophilic 18F-introduction into aromatic molecules. Furthermore, as known from non-radioactive studies, the highly electron rich 2 thienyliodonium leaving group leads to a high regioselectivity in nucleophilic substitution reactions. Consequently, a direct nucleophilic no-carrier-added 18F-labelling of electron rich arenes via aryl¬(2 thienyl)iodonium precursors was developed in this work. The applicability of direct nucleophilic 18F labelling was examined in a systematic study on eighteen aryl(2-thienyl)iodonium salts. As electron rich precursors the ortho-, meta- and para-methoxyphenyl(2 thienyl)iodonium bromides, iodides, tosylates and triflates were synthesised. In addition, para-substituted (R = BnO, CH3, H, Cl, Br, I) aryl(2-thienyl)iodonium bromides were prepared as precursors with a systematically varying electron density. As first approach, the general reaction conditions of the nucleophilic 18F-substitution procedure were optimised. The best conditions for direct nucleophilic no-carrier-added 18F-labelling via aryl(2-thien¬yl)iodonium salts were found with dimethylformamide as solvent, a reaction temperature of 130 + 3 °C and 25 mmol/l as concentration of the precursor. For the effect of bromide, iodide, tosylate and triflate as counter anion on the radiochemical yield (RCY) the following order was obtained: tosylate < iodide < triflate < bromide. However, based on the kinetics a different order was observed for the initial reaction rates with: tosylate < bromide < iodide < triflate. The influence of the substitution pattern in ortho-, meta- and para-methoxyphenyl(2-thienyl)iodonium bromide showed an expected strong ortho-effect, which led with 60 % of 2-[18F]fluoroanisole to the highest RCY. Also under no-carrier-added conditions, the 2-thienyl group directed to a regiospecific radiofluorination, thus in all 18F-substitutions no 2-[18F]fluorothiophene, but only the desired [18F]fluoroarenes were formed. With the intention of a systematic examination of electronic factors, the kinetics of the 18F-substitution on substituted aryl(2-thienyl)iodonium bromides were investigated and the determined relative reactivities were compared with the Hammett constants of the corresponding substituents. As result a good linear Hammett correlation and a reaction parameter of &#61554; = + 1.16 + 0.2 were obtained. This confirms the SNAr-mechanism and a consistent mechanism over the whole range of investigated substituents. In order to demonstrate the applicability of this method, the 18F-labelling of two pharmacological relevant molecules was carried out. First, n.c.a. 4-[18F]fluorophenol was synthesised via 4-benzyl¬oxyphenyl(2-thienyl)iodonium bromide within 40 min and an overall RCY of 34 to 36 %. Second, a complex AMPA receptor antagonist was 18F-labelled via iodonium precursors; however only with low RCY of 1.2 to 3.6 %. For comparison, the radioiodine analogue was labelled via a trimethyltin precursor and [131I]iodide with a very high RCY of 97 + 2 % within 2 min, thus it was available for preliminary pharmacological evaluation studies. In conclusion, the 2-thienyliodonium leaving group proved as highly effective for direct nucleophilic no-carrier-added 18F-labelling even of nucleophilically non-activated arenes. Concerning the 18F-label¬ling of complex molecules, further optimisation, however, is necessary for this method

Revolution ohne Revolutionäre? Kollektive Biographie der Delegierten der deutschen Reichsrätekongresse 1918/ 1919

Der Artikel befasst sich mit dem ersten und dem zweiten nationalen Deutschen Kongress der Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte in Berlin im Dezember 1918 und April 1919. Dabei werden Erkenntnisse aus der kollektiven Biografie der Delegierten in Beziehung gesetzt zu den parlamentarisch-politischen Entscheidungen, die von den Kongressen getroffen worden sind. Näher untersucht wird die Einschätzung, dass während der deutschen Revolution 1918/1919 die SPD um Friedrich Ebert versäumt hat, den totalen Wechsel in Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Militärwesen zu vollenden, und dass die Ursache dafür gefunden werden könnte in der Struktur der Partei und in der Disziplin ihrer Mitglieder. Eine Analyse der Biografien der annähernd 700 Delegierten des Nationalkongresses der Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte mit der Methode der 'Kollektiven Biografik' zeigt indes, dass es nicht nur eine Frage der Parteidisziplin war, sondern auch der Sozialisation, der Bildung und der Arbeitslebens-Situation jener Gruppe von Leuten, die die Räte-Bewegung führten und für bestimmte Entwicklungen verantwortlich waren. (prh)'This article deals with the first and second national German congresses of the workers' and soldiers' councils in Berlin in December 1918 and April 1919. It has commonly been stated that during the German revolution 1918/19 the social democratic party around Friedrich Ebert has failed to complete a total change in economy, society and military life and that the reason for this may be found in the party's structure and the discipline of its members. An analysis of the biographies of the approximately 700 delegates to the national congresses of the workers' and soldiers' councils with the method of the 'Kollektive Biographik', however, shows that it was not only a question of party-discipline but also of socialisation, education and working live situation of the group of people, which guided the council movement and was responsible for certain developments.' (author's abstract

Politische Partizipation und nationaler Räteparlamentarismus: Determinanten des politischen Handelns der Delegierten zu den Reichsrätekongressen 1918/ 1919 ; eine Kollektivbiographie

'November 1918. Mit dem Untergang des deutschen Kaiserreiches drang die in sich gespaltene Sozialdemokratie in die zentralen politischen Schaltstellen der neugegründeten Republik vor. In den 'Parlamenten der Revolution', den beiden Reichsrätekongressen 1918/19 in Berlin wurde über die Zukunft des Deutschen Reiches gestritten, wurden die politischen Weichen für eine neue Zeit gestellt. 'Räterepublik oder parlamentarische Demokratie?', lautete die entscheidende Frage für die über 700 Delegierten der Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte des ganzen Reiches. Der Lauf der Geschichte ist weitgehend bekannt. Gleichwohl werden in der vorliegenden Untersuchung die da maligen Ereignisse aus einer anderen Perspektive, unter dem Brennglas der Methode der Kollektiven Biographik beleuchtet und damit einer neuen Sichtweise unterzogen: Fokussiert wird letztlich auf die Frage nach einer Erklärung der damals erfolgten Weichenstellungen im Spannungsfeld zwischen revolutionärem Umbruch und zeit- wie systemübergreifender Kontinuität. Analysiert werden die spannungsgeladenen Ereignisse der Rätekongresse im Hinblick auf erkennbare Zusammenhänge zwischen der kollektiven Biographie der Delegierten und ihren Entscheidungen, zwischen Sozialisation und Erfahrung einerseits und kollektivem Verhalten und politischem Handeln in stürmischen Zeiten andererseits.' (Autorenreferat

Mapping the Knowledge on Coping Processes in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer

Background: Pancreatic cancer is one of the malignant diseases with the highest cancer-specific mortality. At the time of diagnosis, life expectancy is often already very limited, as it is usually discovered late and in an advanced stage. Coping with cancer is a complex process. Coping strategies of patients with pancreatic cancer probably differ from those of other malignancies. Yet to date, there exists no pancreatic cancer-specific coping model. Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to explore and characterize the academic literature related to coping processes in patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods/Design: The JBI's three-step search strategy, combined with the Arksey and O'Malley framework, will be used to identify articles via PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CAMbase, CareLit, CC Med, Scopus, and PsycARTICLES (Arksey &amp; O'Malley, 2005; Peters et al., 2017). It follows the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews (Tricco et al., 2018). Primary and secondary studies and reviews which report on coping with pancreatic cancer (adenocarcinoma) in adults in English or German language will be included in this scoping review, regardless of publication date or study design. Discussion: This scoping review will add new insights on coping with pancreatic cancer by summarizing current knowledge, and identifying research&nbsp

Digital scriptum – novel approach of student experiment preparation

[EN] In mechanical engineering, students pass several seminars aiming at selfconducted experiments and trials. In the ELLI project (Excellent Teaching and Learning in Engineering Science), different virtual and remote laboratories have been installed within the three engineering departments at the Ruhr-University Bochum. The preparation in a classic experiment is usually done with a classic paper print scriptum. This is not suitable for a virtual or remote laboratory, since, amongst others, no supervision is provided. Due to that, a classic scriptum has been transferred in a digital scriptum based on the Open Source software “Adapt Learning” and has been extended by various implemented digital items. This contribution is discussing preliminary student experiences and identified prospective improvements. It turns out that the digital scriptum is suitable for the preparation of virtual and remote laboratories but can be an excellent alternative to the classic printout scriptum in a student experiment in a hands on laboratory as well.http://ocs.editorial.upv.es/index.php/HEAD/HEAD18Roß, N.; Kuska, R.; Rieth, I.; Frerich, S. (2018). Digital scriptum – novel approach of student experiment preparation. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1263-1270. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAD18.2018.8188OCS1263127

WASSERSTOFF & MEE(H)R - Herausforderungen neuer Energiesysteme an Bord von Schiffen

Im Rahmen das Events "Friedrich Family & Friends" wurde das DLR-MS vorgestellt und über das zukünftige DLR-Schiff berichtet. Anschließend ging es detaillierter um die aktuellen Hürden und offenen Punkte und die Notwendigkeit in der maritimen Welt modularer zu denken um hinsichtlich der Transition zu neuen alternativen Treibstoffen bereit für die Zukunft zu sein