The origin of musculocutaneous nerve from median nerve: a case report

The musculocutaneous (C5-C7) is the main nerve supplying muscles of the front of the arm, i.e., the coracobrachialis both the long and the short heads of biceps brachii and the brachialis muscles, and continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm 2 cm above the elbow joint. Usually, its origin is from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, at the pectoralis minor's lower border in the axilla. In regular dissection Bilateral variation in the origin of musculocutaneous nerve and lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm was observed in a male cadaver. Both the musculocutaneous nerve and lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm were found to be originating from the median nerve by a common stem. The nerve supply of muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm showed no variation. The present case was a rare anomaly and was being reported as this knowledge was of importance for surgeons, anesthetists and orthopedicians for anesthetic and other procedures

Performance Analysis of Induction Motor Using PI And FUZZY Controller

This paper represents the better speed regulation of induction motor by the help of indirect vector control technique and also by using other controlling techniques. Here speed of induction motor is regulated or controlled by using PI controller and fuzzy logic controller, by using PI controller it provides good regulation of speed but due to some drawback in it like high overshoot, oscillation of speed and torque at variation or change in load or due to external disturbances occur during running performance of induction motor drive that controller is replaced by fuzzy logic controller which provides more better running performance to the induction motor by regulating its speed in better way and tracking the actual running speed response easily and fast as compare to PI controller. The benefits of squirrel-cage induction motors are high robustness and low maintenance which make it widely used through various industrial modem processes, with growing economical and demands. In conventional FOC, PI controller is used to control the speed response of the induction motor drive. The use of PI controller induces many problems due to sudden changes in load and external disturbances. This behavior of the controller causes disturbance in drive running performance. To overcome this disadvantages an intelligent controller based on fuzzy logic is employed in the place of the conventional PI controller. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15061

Performance Analysis of Induction Motor For Sudden Load Disturbance Using PI And FUZZY Controller

This paper presents the improved performance in speed of an induction motor by applying vector control techniques which transforms the induction motor from nonlinear to linear plant system and fuzzy control system provides the better running performance of the induction motor at various disturbances in load by tracking the waves to reach the steady state response earlier than PI controller. The benefits of squirrel-cage induction motors are high robustness and low maintenance which make it widely used through various industrial modem processes, with growing economical and demands. In conventional FOC, PI controller is used to control the speed response of the induction motor drive. The use of PI controller induces many problems like high overshoot, oscillation of speed and torque due to sudden changes in load and external disturbances. This behavior of the controller causes deterioration of drive performance. To overcome this disadvantages an intelligent controller based on fuzzy logic is employed in the place of the conventional PI controller. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15061

Comparison between the conventional method and molecular line probe assay for identification and drug sensitivity of mycobacteria tuberculosis from clinical specimens

Rapid susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains is imperative for therapy selection but traditional drug susceptibility tests take weeks or are expensive. Classical drug susceptibility (DST) may take up to 2 to 4 months. The line probe assay is a commercially available line-probe assay that rapidly detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex, as well as the most common mutations associated with rifampicin and isoniazid. In this study we assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid molecular method in comparison with the conventional method

Ageratum enation virus Infection Induces Programmed Cell Death and Alters Metabolite Biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum

A previously unknown disease which causes severe vein thickening and inward leaf curl was observed in a number of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) plants. The sequence analysis of full-length viral genome and associated betasatellite reveals the occurrence of Ageratum enation virus (AEV) and Ageratum leaf curl betasatellite (ALCB), respectively. Co-infiltration of cloned agroinfectious DNAs of AEV and ALCB induces the leaf curl and vein thickening symptoms as were observed naturally. Infectivity assay confirmed this complex as the cause of disease and also satisfied the Koch’s postulates. Comprehensive microscopic analysis of infiltrated plants reveals severe structural anomalies in leaf and stem tissues represented by unorganized cell architecture and vascular bundles. Moreover, the characteristic blebs and membranous vesicles formed due to the virus-induced disintegration of the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles were also present. An accelerated nuclear DNA fragmentation was observed by Comet assay and confirmed by TUNEL and Hoechst dye staining assays suggesting virus-induced programmed cell death. Virus-infection altered the biosynthesis of several important metabolites. The biosynthesis potential of morphine, thebaine, codeine, and papaverine alkaloids reduced significantly in infected plants except for noscapine whose biosynthesis was comparatively enhanced. The expression analysis of corresponding alkaloid pathway genes by real time-PCR corroborated well with the results of HPLC analysis for alkaloid perturbations. The changes in the metabolite and alkaloid contents affect the commercial value of the poppy plants

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Dielectric behaviour, impedance and conductivity studies of YBaYbSiO oxy-apatite compounds

This paper reports the dielectric behaviour and electrical conduction properties of Y6-xBa4Ybx(SiO4)6O2 (YBaSiO: xYb) compounds. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was utilized to obtain the surface microstructure of the compound. The micrographs showed both the circular and elongated shape of grains and their random distribution. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the presence of bond formations in the compounds. From the spectra, it was observed that the peaks at 690 cm−1 and a band from 850 cm−1 to 998 cm−1 are due to the stretching frequency of Y-O molecules and Si-O molecules, respectively. The peak centred at 1464 cm−1 is of vibration modes of Ba2+ions. These peaks confirmed the formation of oxy-apatite compounds. Both the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss, decreases with increasing values of frequency due to reduction in the polarization effects on the higher side of frequency. This is because the dipole orientation lags with the rapidly reversing alternating current (ac) field. The value of dielectric loss was found to range between, 0 – 3.5 in frequency ∼ 100 Hz and 0 – 0.5 in frequency ∼ 100,000 Hz, up to temperature 500 °C. The impedance value decreases and hence a. c. conductivity increases, at higher frequencies. The increment in ac values followed the universal power law. The Nyquist plot showed that the area under the curves reduces and hence indicates negative temperature coefficient of resistance i.e., NTCR behaviour of compounds. The obtained results suggest the utilization of compound in electrical devices as power loss component, solid oxide fuel cells, and capacitors etc

Studies on drug-DNA complexes, adriamycin-d-(TGATCA)<SUB>2</SUB> and 4'-epiadriamycin-d-(CGATCG)<SUB>2</SUB>, by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The complexes of adriamycin-d-(TGATCA)2 and 4'-epiadriamycin-d-(CGATCG)2 are studied by one- and two-dimensional 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) at 500 MHz in the temperature range 275-328 K and as a function of drug to DNA ratio (0.0-2.0). The binding of drug to DNA is clearly evident in 31P-31P exchange NOESY spectra that shows two sets of resonances in slow chemical exchange. The phosphate resonances at the intercalating steps, T1pG2/C1pG2 and C5pA6/C5pG6, shift downfield up to 1.7 ppm and that at the adjacent step shift downfield up to 0.7 ppm, whereas the central phosphate A3pT4 is relatively unaffected. The variations of chemical shift with drug to DNA ratio and temperature as well as linewidths are different in each of the two complexes. These observations reflect change in population of BI/BII conformation, stretching of backbone torsional angle &#950;, and distortions in O-P-O bond angles that occur on binding of drug to DNA. To the best of our knowledge, there are no solution studies on 4'-epiadriamycin, a better tolerated drug, and binding of daunomycin or its analogue to d-(TGATCA)2 hexamer sequence. The studies report the use of 31P NMR as a tool to differentiate various complexes. The specific differences may well be the reasons that are responsible for different antitumor action of these drugs due to different binding ability and distortions in DNA