In-Silico Exploration of the Antiviral Potential of Madhuca indica (Liquiritin) and Terminalia chebula (Ellagic Acid), and Inhibition of 2019-nCoV Fusion Mechanism to Prevent Viral Entry into Host Cells

 Amidst the looming threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global scientific community has fervently pursued understanding SARS-CoV-2 and its pathophysiology to uncover potential therapeutic avenues. In this investigational study, in-silico methods were employed to screen potential therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2. The study involves screening the interaction of the 2019-nCoV spike protein with Phytoderivatives Liquiritin and Ellagic acid, along with the known inhibitor V607, using the AutoDock Vina suite. The binding energies obtained from the docking are -13.4 kcal/mol for Liquiritin, -9.1 kcal/mol for Ellagic acid, and -8.1 kcal/mol for VE607. The results suggest a higher affinity of the Phytoderivatives, particularly Ellagic acid and Liquiritin, and VE607 against the spike protein. Both Phytoderivatives (Liquiritin and Ellagic acid) bind to the HR-1 (fusion peptide) domain of the spike protein. Other parametric results indicate good absorption activity for the studied molecules. The studied molecules do not violate the Lipinski score of drug-likeness. The study suggests that Liquiritin and Ellagic acid, along with VE607, may have pharmacological and therapeutic potential in inhibiting or blocking the fusion mechanism of the virus particle during entry into host cells. The inhibition of the fusion mechanism may contribute to preventing or treating COVID-19.It's important to note that in-silico studies provide valuable insights, but experimental validation is crucial to confirm the effectiveness of potential drug candidates

Comparative Evaluation of Full Pulpotomy vs. Root Canal Therapy in Cariously Exposed Permanent Teeth

The need to find biologically conservative but effective treatment options in cariously exposed permanent teeth has led to an increasing interest in comparing full pulpotomy versus root canal therapy. The full pulpotomy is the procedure in which the coronal pulp is removed and the bioactive materials are laid over the remaining radicular pulp in order to maintain its vitality and functioning. The traditional therapy, root canal therapy, is a method that is guaranteed to eliminate all pulp tissue and prevent periapical disease in the long-term. Recent findings indicate that full pulpotomy may yield similar clinical and radiographic success rates to root canal treatment in selective cases, and has the added advantages of decreased treatment time, lower cost and maintenance of tooth biomechanics. But, selection of the cases, the experience of the operators, and the follow-up in the long term are also the keys to its success. Root canal therapy continues to provide predictable outcomes, particularly in cases of irreversible pulp damage. This comparative evaluation highlights that full pulpotomy represents a promising, minimally invasive alternative, but further robust clinical studies are essential to establish its long-term reliability

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PATIENT CARE FUTURE PROSPECTIVES

In recent years, Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have greatly advanced and become a reality in human life. AI is one of the tools to analyze various diseases in the healthcare field, numerous efforts are being implemented for practical medical treatments. The technologies such as machine learning and deep learning profoundly optimize the existing mode of drug research and also AI-enabled tools to assist and ideally improve the patient experience including diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. In this review, we summarize the future aspects, latest development, and its limitations of AI in disease management of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, respiratory disease and neurological disorders.  &nbsp

Influence of Root Canal Irrigation Protocol on Sealer Penetration into Dentinal Tubules

Effective elimination of microbes, dentin disinfection, and fluid-tight seal of the prepared canal system are the determiningfactors in the long-term success of the root canal therapy. Although mechanical instrumentation has a major role in canalformation, it will inevitably result in a smear layer which blocks dentinal tubules hindering the absorption of endodonticsealers. Intrusion of the sealers into such tubules is regarded as a favorable effect, which advances mechanical interlocking,decreases microleakage, and leads to bacterial entrapment. The irrigation protocol that is used in the course of root canalpreparation is a very critical one that defines the dentinal tubule openness and sealer penetration.Sodium hypochlorite is the most common irrigant in dissolving organic tissues and antimicrobial action, however, itfails to act on the inorganic part of the smear layer. The removal of this inorganic fraction can be successfully done usingchelating agents like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid, and this increases the tubule exposure.Moreover, the order and process of delivery of irrigation such as syringe irrigation process, negative pressure, ultrasonicor sonic agitation, and laser activation have a significant impact on irrigant penetration and cleanliness. Concurrentapplication of sodium hypochlorite and a chelating agent especially when advanced agitation methods are used has beenrepeatedly proved to enhance sealer penetration.The physicochemical characteristics of sealers are also important, in terms of viscosity, flow, setting time and interactionwith the dentin substrate. Epoxy resin based and bioceramic sealers exhibit increased tubular penetration over traditionalzinc oxide-eugenol based formulations particularly in the event of optimal irrigation being undertaken.In summary, irrigation protocols have a great effect on the level of sealer penetration into dentinal tubules, for which theresultant effect is on the quality of root canal seal and the long-term outcomes of the treatment

Antimicrobial Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Acute Otitis Media in Hadhramout-Yemen

Abstract Acute Otitis Media (AOM) becomes challenges especially in resource constrained countries because it is commonly associated with bacteria that have multiple drug resistance. This study was aimed to identify bacterial agents of AOM and determine their antimicrobial patterns. Methods: Hundred ear swabs were collected from patients who attended the outpatient’s clinics of Ear Nose Throat in Mukalla city, Hadramout, Yemen, during the period from August 2021 till March 2022, the samples were diagnosed phenotypically, then their antibiogram was evaluated by Bauer-Kirby method. Results: The prevalence of acute otitis media was 60%. The most common isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (45%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31.7%), Proteus mirabilis (13.3%), Escherichia coli (5%), Klebsiella pneumonia (3.3%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.7%). The antibiogram showed that Levofloxacin was the most effective agent against all isolates, followed by Ciprofloxacin with rate of %100, 63.3%, 62.5%, 66.7%, 73.7% for Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, Pseudomonas mirabilis and Escherichia coli respectively, while Streptococcus pneumonia was resistant to it. All isolates were resistant to Cephalexin, Ceftazidime and Aztreonam (100%), while Streptococcus pneumonia was sensitive to Cephalexin. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated seven resistant patterns of the isolates.  Conclusion: The isolation rate of bacteria in samples of AOM is still high and combined with substantial resistance rate among bacterial isolates of AOM to the antibiotics under study. The high resistance rate reflects the widespread abuse of antimicrobial agents in our community, emphasizing the need for strict antimicrobial control measures and updating the empirical antimicrobial prescription guideline

Thermal Stress Induced Lipidogenic Changes in The Testis and Ovaries of The Silkworm Hybrids and Their Economic Parameters

In the present era Silkworm Bombyx mori L, a very important economical insect and backbone of the silk industry, is fully reliant on humans for its life cycle. In India, the tropical climate prevails in most of the sericulture belt, where temperature goes beyond the ambient during summer, adversely affecting the silkworm rearing relating to qualitative and quantitative traits. In order to investigate the environmental stress, effect of Thermal Stress (TS) on silkworm, Bombyx mori organs and its quantitative traits, an experiment was conducted using different breeds, PM × CSR2 (Crossbreed) and FC1 × FC2 (Double hybrid) in male and female larvae. Further, 5th instar silkworm male and female larvae were exposed to 35±1˚C temperature and the lipidogenic consistent changes in testis and ovaries was observed compared to unexposed batches, which was noticed higher temperature on lipid content of testis and ovaries was reduced. With respect to quantitative traits, larvae exhibit the differentiation in male and female silkworm. It has been noticed that, female silkworm larvae showed comparatively increased trend rather than male individuals as well as hybrids exhibited upward trend response to the higher temperature when compared to crossbreed. This finding provide a better understanding of cellular protective mechanisms against environmental stress (high temperature) and gives knowledge about effect and significance difference between the lipidogenic and quantitative changes in male and female larvae of different breeds. &nbsp

A Multi-epitope Peptide Vaccine Design Against Neisseria Gonorrhoeae: An In Silico Approach

introduction: One of the most common sexually transmitted diseases is gonorrhea. The World Health Organization has identified gonorrhea as a major public health problem in the world and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported gonorrhea as the second most important bacterial infection in the United States. The increasing antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains to conventional antibiotics has necessitated efforts to identify alternative strategies. Methods: The amino acid sequences of five selected proteins were extracted from NCBI protein database. The appropriate epitopes were extracted by NetCTL, IEDB, and ABCpred for T and B cells. These epitopes were joined by suitable linkers, and the amino acid sequence of 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 was added as an adjuvant. AlgPred and ANTIGENpro were used to evaluate the antigenicity and allergenicity. EXPASY was used for physicochemical properties evaluation. The secondary and third structures were predicted by PSIPRED, Phyre2, and Raptor X. ClusPro was used for the molecular docking process and GROMACS used for molecular dynamics simulations. Results: The designed vaccine had high antigenicity, no allergenicity, good half-life, suitable epitopes for B and T cells, appropriate physicochemical properties, and high stability. The adjuvant sequence on the vaccine had high binding strength for TLR-4, and the vaccine-TLR-4 complex had satisfactory results in molecular dynamics simulation. Conclusion: Given to the good immunogenicity of the designed vaccine and its high binding score for TLR-4, and its satisfactory stability, it can be used for further evaluation in the laboratory

Patient-Centered Outcomes in Endodontics: Does the Irrigation System Impact Postoperative Pain?

The importance of patient-centered outcomes in endodontics has been on the rise, and postoperative pain is considered to be among the most appropriate tools of measuring treatment success. The systems and methods of activation of irrigation have a significant role in cleaning and disinfecting the root canal system but can also contribute to postoperative discomfort due to factors like extrusion of debris, penetration of irrigant and periapical irritation. This review examines the association between irrigation systems such as conventional syringe irrigation, ultrasonic and sonic activation, laser-activated irrigation and negative pressure system and postoperative pain after root canal therapy. The randomized clinical trials have shown evidence that activated irrigation techniques, especially negative pressure and some laser or ultrasonic techniques, correlate with low levels of pain in the early postoperative period as opposed to the traditional needle irrigation. Nevertheless, the disparity in the results of pain are likely to decrease with time and the inconsistency in the study procedures further underscores the necessity of additional standardized clinical studies. The effects of irrigation strategies on patient-centered outcomes can inform clinicians to choose methods that effectively disinfect, as well as, increase patient comfort and experience, in general, of the treatment

A Evaluation the effect of ginseng plant root extract on complications of Azathioprine on ovarian follicles and TSH, LH and Progesterone hormones in rats

Background: The search for herbal remedies has gained significant attention due to the potential harmful side effects associated with chemical drugs. Finding plants that can mitigate these adverse effects is crucial for enhancing the well-being of individuals undergoing chemical drug treatments. Aim: Numerous studies have demonstrated the potent antioxidant properties of ginseng. Azathioprine, a widely used drug, has been shown to induce detrimental side effects on various body tissues. Thus, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of ginseng in reducing the harmful effects of azathioprine on ovarian tissue. Materials and Methods: In this study, mice were divided into different groups and injected with ginseng root extract along with azathioprine. Ovarian weight and histological analysis were conducted to evaluate the number of ovarian follicles and corpus luteum. Furthermore, the levels of FSH, LH, and progesterone in the blood of the study groups were assessed using ELISA. Results: In treatment group 4 (ginseng extract and azathioprine), compared to treatment group 2 (azathioprine only), a significant increase in the weight of both left and right ovaries was observed. Treatment group 4 also exhibited a notable increase (P<0.05) in the number of primordial, primary, and atretic follicles. The concentration of progesterone significantly increased in treatment group 4 compared to treatment group 2 (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that azathioprine can have destructive effects on ovarian tissues, while ginseng extract demonstrates potential in reducing these detrimental side effects. Furthermore, ginseng extract appears to positively regulate FSH and progesterone hormones

The Evaluation of Phytochemical and HPLC analysis of Crotalaria angulata , Momordica cymbalaria, Senna hirsuta and Indigofera linnaei and it’s biological applications

Abstract: To encompass a quantitative evaluation of phytochemical analysis and HPLC analysis of ethanol extracts of Senna hirsuta ; Indigofera linnaei; Crotalaria angulata and Momordica cymbalaria leaves were experimented to have broad analysis on presence of bioactive components. The phytochemical tests showed the bioactive compounds in Senna hirsuta ethanolic extracts with Steroids, Glycosides, Anthraquinones, Saponins Glycosides, Flavonoids and Terpenoids. In Indigofera linnaei, ethanolic extracts of this plant contain Steroids, Glycosides, Saponins, Glycosides and Terpenoids, Anthraquinones, Tannins, Flavonoids and Saponins are absent for this plant. Test for Steroids, Anthraquinones, Tannins and Terpenoids are strongly present in the plant of Crotalaria angulata. The strong presence of Steroids, Glycosides, Tannins, Terpenoids, Saponins foam in the plant of Momordica cymbalaria. The effects of ethanolic extracts of Anti-Bacterial activity of S.hirsuta and Indigofera linnaei with some of bacteria pathogenic strains such as Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis were experimented. The antibacterial activities of the ethanolic extracts were compared favorably with that standard antibiotic (Chloramphenicol). The Ethanolic extract of leaf showed a maximum zone of inhibition (11mm) against Escherichia coli, a Gram negative bacteria. In Indigofera linnaei, the ethanolic extract, show a maximum zone of inhibition (19mm) to Salmonella typhi. In chromatographic technique, the separation and movements of biomolecules has been investigated. Hence, these bio-techniques play a significant role in finding of important material for pharmaceutical industry and have substances that induce a great interest due to their versatile applications. The paper chromatographic technique showed the Rf value at chlorophyll ‘a’ is 0.569 and ‘b’ value 0.123 present in plant Crotalaria angulata. The Rf value at chlorophyll’a’0.569, and ‘b’ value is 0.353 present in the plant Momordica cymbalaria. HPLC analyses allow for the identification of samples of Momordica cymbalaria with peak value of 1676436 and Retention time is 4.092.This particular study revealed the strong quantitative phytochemicals in Crotalaria angulata and Momordica cymbalaria and the same has been found to be the most effective free radical quencher. As a culmination, these plant extracts can be a safe alternative to chemical drugs. Keywords: Phytochemicals, Biomolecules, Evaluation, Chromatographic. Anti-Bacterial &nbsp