Arousal, Sleep and Cardiovascular Responses to Intermittent Hypercapnic Hypoxia in Piglets

Clinical studies have demonstrated an arousal deficit in infants suffering Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA), and that treatment to alleviate the symptoms of OSA appears to reverse the deficit in arousability. Some sudden infant deaths are thought to be contingent upon such an arousal deficit. This research utilised young piglets during early postnatal development, and exposed them to intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH) as a model of clinical respiratory diseases. Arousal responses of control animals were compared to the animals exposed to IHH. Comparisons were also made between successive exposures on the first and the fourth consecutive days of IHH. Time to arouse after the onset of the respiratory stimulus, and frequency of arousals during recovery, demonstrated that arousal deficits arose after successive exposures and that these were further exacerbated on the fourth study day. After an overnight recovery period, the arousal deficit was apparently dormant, and only triggered by HH exposure. These studies confirm that both acute and chronic deficits can be induced on a background of otherwise normal postnatal development, suggesting that deficits observed in the clinical setting may be a secondary phenomenon

Analysis of rare variants in the C3 gene in patients with age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal disorder affecting over 33 million people worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for AMD identified common variants at 19 loci accounting for 15-65% of the heritability and it has been hypothesized that the missing heritability may be attributed to rare variants with large effect sizes. Common variants in the complement component 3 (C3) gene have been associated with AMD and recently a rare C3 variant (Lys155Gln) was identified which exerts a large effect on AMD susceptibility independent of the common variants. To explore whether additional rare variants in the C3 gene are associated with AMD, we sequenced all coding exons in 84 unrelated AMD cases. Subsequently, we genotyped all identified variants in 1474 AMD cases and 2258 controls. Additionally, because of the known genetic overlap between AMD and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), we genotyped two recurrent aHUS-associated C3 mutations in the entire cohort. Overall, we identified three rare variants (Lys65Gln (P = 0.04), Arg735Trp (OR = 17.4, 95% CI = 2.2-136; P = 0.0003), and Ser1619Arg (OR = 5.2, 95% CI = 1.0-25; P = 0.05) at the C3 locus that are associated with AMD in our EUGENDA cohort. However, the Arg735Trp and Ser1619Arg variants were not found to be associated with AMD in the Rotterdam Study. The Lys65Gln variant was only identified in patients from Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and thus may represent a region-specific AMD risk variant

A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants.

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3448Advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, with limited therapeutic options. Here we report on a study of >12 million variants, including 163,714 directly genotyped, mostly rare, protein-altering variants. Analyzing 16,144 patients and 17,832 controls, we identify 52 independently associated common and rare variants (P < 5 × 10(-8)) distributed across 34 loci. Although wet and dry AMD subtypes exhibit predominantly shared genetics, we identify the first genetic association signal specific to wet AMD, near MMP9 (difference P value = 4.1 × 10(-10)). Very rare coding variants (frequency <0.1%) in CFH, CFI and TIMP3 suggest causal roles for these genes, as does a splice variant in SLC16A8. Our results support the hypothesis that rare coding variants can pinpoint causal genes within known genetic loci and illustrate that applying the approach systematically to detect new loci requires extremely large sample sizes.We thank all participants of all the studies included for enabling this research by their participation in these studies. Computer resources for this project have been provided by the high-performance computing centers of the University of Michigan and the University of Regensburg. Group-specific acknowledgments can be found in the Supplementary Note. The Center for Inherited Diseases Research (CIDR) Program contract number is HHSN268201200008I. This and the main consortium work were predominantly funded by 1X01HG006934-01 to G.R.A. and R01 EY022310 to J.L.H

Genotyping of <i>C3</i> variants in EUGENDA and Rotterdam samples.

<p>Major and minor allele indicated in capital and lower case respectively, MAF: Minor allele frequency, ND: OR could not be determined, NA: Not applicable.</p><p>EUGENDA: a multicenter database comprising participants from Germany and the Netherlands.</p

Rare variants in AMD studies.

<p>NL: The Netherlands, ISL: Iceland, GER: Germany, USA: United states of America, FRA: France.</p><p>NA: Not applicable.</p

Analysis of Rare Variants in the <i>C3</i> Gene in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration

<div><p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal disorder affecting over 33 million people worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for AMD identified common variants at 19 loci accounting for 15–65% of the heritability and it has been hypothesized that the missing heritability may be attributed to rare variants with large effect sizes. Common variants in the complement component 3 (<i>C3</i>) gene have been associated with AMD and recently a rare <i>C3</i> variant (Lys155Gln) was identified which exerts a large effect on AMD susceptibility independent of the common variants. To explore whether additional rare variants in the <i>C3</i> gene are associated with AMD, we sequenced all coding exons in 84 unrelated AMD cases. Subsequently, we genotyped all identified variants in 1474 AMD cases and 2258 controls. Additionally, because of the known genetic overlap between AMD and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), we genotyped two recurrent aHUS-associated <i>C3</i> mutations in the entire cohort. Overall, we identified three rare variants (Lys65Gln (<i>P</i> = 0.04), Arg735Trp (OR = 17.4, 95% CI = 2.2–136; <i>P</i> = 0.0003), and Ser1619Arg (OR = 5.2, 95% CI = 1.0–25; <i>P</i> = 0.05) at the <i>C3</i> locus that are associated with AMD in our EUGENDA cohort. However, the Arg735Trp and Ser1619Arg variants were not found to be associated with AMD in the Rotterdam Study. The Lys65Gln variant was only identified in patients from Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and thus may represent a region-specific AMD risk variant.</p></div

Conditional analysis of Arg735Trp for SNPs Arg102Gly/rs2230199 and Pro314Leu/rs1047286.

<p>EUGENDA: a multicenter database comprising participants from the Cologne area, Germany and the Nijmegen area, the Netherlands.</p

<i>C3</i> variants identified by sequence analysis of 84 AMD cases.

<p>Major and minor allele indicated in capital and lower case respectively.</p><p>Reference sequence of <i>C3</i> (NM_000064) gene.</p><p>SIFT: Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (Intolerance ≤0.05).</p><p>PolyPhen2: Polymorphism Phenotyping (score 0→1).</p