Identification of Metabolic Intermediates in Microbial Degradation of Chrysene by Armillaria sp. F022

To degrade chrysene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), Armillaria sp. F022, a fungus collected from a soil, was used. Maximal degradation (77%) was obtained when Armillaria sp. F022 was incubated in cultures agitated at 120 rpm for 30 days, as compared to just 41% degradation in stationary culture. Furthermore, the degradation of chrysene was affected by the addition of surfactants. The mechanism of degradation was determined through identification of the intermediates. Several enzymes (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, laccase, 1,2-dioxygenase and 2,3-dioxygenase) produced by Armillaria sp. F022 were detected in the culture. The highest level of activity was shown by 1,2-dioxyg~ase after 20 days (143.6U 1.1).These ligninolytic and dioxygenase enzymes played an important role in the oxidation of chrysene. Chrysene was indeed degraded by Armillaria sp. F022 through several intermediates, chrysenequinone, 2-((IE,3E)-4-carboxy-3-hydroxybuta-l,3-dien-l-yl)-I-naphthoic acid, I-hydroxy-2- naphthoic acid, and gentisic acid

Adsorption of Basic Dyes Crystal Violet on Agricultural Biomass: Characterization, Isotherm, and Kinetic Studies

The removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solution using agricultural waste-based adsorbent was investigated. Two adsorbents, lime peels (Citrus aurantifolia) and pineapple leaves (Ananas comosus) at different quantities (1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 g) were tested to 50 mL of CV solution (1,000 mg/L) at 3-hours interval incubation. The characterization of adsorbents was performed by FESEM and FTIR to explain adsorbent’s properties and structure. The results showed that lime peels and pineapple leaves removed 98% and 97% of CV dye, respectively. Under FESEM analysis, the surface structure of adsorbent that perforated and the presence of polymer were attributable to the adsorption ability. Indeed, FTIR analysis confirmed the attendance of carboxyl and carbonyl group that caused the enhancement of adsorption process. Keywords: crystal violet, basic dye removal, agricultural based-adsorben

Identification of Metabolic Intermediates in Microbial Degradation of Chrysene by Armillaria sp. F022

To degrade chrysene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), Armillaria sp. F022, a fungus collected from a soil, was used. Maximal degradation (77%) was obtained when Armillaria sp. F022 was incubated in cultures agitated at 120 rpm for 30 days, as compared to just 41% degradation in stationary culture. Furthermore, the degradation of chrysene was affected by the addition of surfactants. The mechanism of degradation was determined through identification of the intermediates. Several enzymes (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, laccase, 1,2-dioxygenase and 2,3-dioxygenase) produced by Armillaria sp. F022 were detected in the culture. The highest level of activity was shown by 1,2-dioxygenase after 20 days (143.6 U l-1). These ligninolytic and dioxygenase enzymes played an important role in the oxidation of chrysene. Chrysene was indeed degraded by Armillaria sp. F022 through several intermediates, chrysenequinone, 2-((1E,3E)-4-carboxy-3-hydroxybuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-1-naphthoic acid , 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, and gentisic acid. Keywords : Biodegradation, Chrysene, Metabolites, Armillaria sp. F02

Wave transmission at low-crested structures

This paper investigates the wave transmission through artificial reefs utilised as low-crested breakwaters to mitigate coastal erosion and reduce wave energy. The study utilises the DualSPHysics smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) solver to evaluate the effectiveness of such structures. Wave transmission coefficients were computed for various reef configurations and wave conditions. Results indicate that the shifted reef configuration provides a higher level of wave height reduction for non-breaking waves, while there is no significant difference for breaking waves. The study further reveals that the efficiency of the breakwater decreases with an increase in wave steepness. However, the total wave energy significantly decreases, leading to a gradual reduction in wave height as it travels further from the breakwater. The outcomes of this research can aid in the optimisation and design of artificial reefs for coastal protection

Effects of glucose on the Reactive Black 5 (RB5) decolorization by two white rot basidiomycetes

The capacities of glucose in the decolorization process of an azo dye, Reactive Black 5 (RB5), by two white rot basidiomycetes, Pleurotus sp. F019 and Trametes sp. F054 were investigated. The results indicated that the dye degradation by the two fungi was extremely correlated with the presence of glucose in the culture and the process of fungi growth. Decolorization of 200 mg dye/l was increased from 62% and 69% to 100% within 20-25 h with the increase of glucose from 5 to 15 g/l, and the activity of manganese dependent peroxidase (MnP) increased by 2-9 fold in this case. Hydrogen peroxide of 0.55 mg/l and 0.43 mg/l were detected in 10 h in Pleurotus sp. F019 and Trametes sp. F054 cultures

Sustainable technology in developed countries: waste municipal management

As more studies were conducted and global events unfold, a greater emphasis is being placed on the importance of preserving the Earth's natural resources and cycles before we face a catastrophic climate crisis. Thus, developed countries are constantly adapting their policies and legislation to promote green development for the sake of sustainable development, which benefits both the environment and the socioeconomic segment. As populations grow and living standards improve, more waste is generated. Appropriate municipal waste management is necessary to avoid harm to the environment, wildlife, and human health. Sustainable municipal solid waste management is even included in the United Nations' (UN) Sustainable Development Goals, which aim to improve the world's environment and economy. The European Union (EU) member states' waste management systems can be considered exemplary. In some countries, landfills have been prohibited, promoting the use of more sustainable technologies such as organic waste incineration, recycling, and composting. However, a divide exists between member countries, with some lagging behind in terms of waste management strategies. Thus, this paper examined the current state of municipal waste in EU member states, followed by a review of the various disposal technologies implemented. The difficulties and environmental concerns that must be overcome are discussed, as are the recommendations and possible future directions

Phytoremediation of bauxite wastewater potentiality by Jatropa curcas

Bauxite wastewater creates soil contamination and produces toxic effects on human health such as respiratory and skin rash problems. In this study, we investigated the phytoremediation ability of Jatropha curcas to remove bauxite wastewater from soil. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the bauxite wastewater on the phytoremediation potential of J. curcas grown in contaminated soils. J. curcas exhibited a significant increase in plant growth leaf, root activity, plant height, and plant shoot when grown in bauxite contaminated soils compared with J. curcas grown in uncontaminated soils after 30 d treatment. Under bauxite exposure, a higher aluminium removal (88.5%) was observed in soils planted with J. curcas than unplanted soils (39.6%). The bioconcentration factor was also found to be 5.62, indicating that J. curcas have great tolerance and hyperaccumulator of aluminium under high aluminium concentrations and are capable of phytoextraction of soil contaminated with bauxite wastewater

Biodegradation and metabolite transformation of pyrene by basidiomycetes fungal isolate armillaria Sp. F022

Armillaria sp. F022 is a white-rot fungus isolated from a tropical rain forest in Indonesia that is capable of utilizing pyrene as a source of carbon and energy. Enzymes production during the degradation process by Armillaria sp. F022 was certainly related to the increase in biomass. In the first week after incubation, the growth rate rapidly increased, but enzyme production decreased. After 7 days of incubation, rapid growth was observed, whereas, the enzymes were produced only after a good amount of biomass was generated. About 63 % of pyrene underwent biodegradation when incubated with this fungus in a liquid medium on a rotary shaker (120 rpm, 25 °C) for 30 days; during this period, pyrene was transformed to five stable metabolic products. These metabolites were extracted in ethyl acetate, isolated by column chromatography, and then identified using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 1-Hydroxypyrene was directly identified by GC-MS, while 4-phenanthroic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, phthalic acid, and protocatechuic acid were identified to be present in their derivatized forms (methylated forms and silylated forms). Protocatechuic acid was the end product of pyrene degradation by Armillaria sp. F022. Dynamic profiles of two key enzymes, namely laccase and 1,2-dioxygenase, were revealed during the degradation process, and the results indicated the presence of a complicated mechanism in the regulation of pyrene-degrading enzymes. In conclusion, Armillaria sp. F022 is a white-rot fungus with potential for application in the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as pyrene in the environment

Bioremediation of crude oil by white rot fungi polyporus sp. S133

The bioremediation potential of crude oil by Polyporus sp. S133 pre-grown in wood meal was investigated in two separate experiment trials; liquid medium and soil. The effect of three nutrients (glucose, polypeptone, and wood meal), oxygen flow, and some absorbent on the efficiency of the process was also evaluated. Degradation of crude oil in soil was significantly increased with an addition of oxygen flow and some absorbent (kapok and pulp). The highest degradation rate of crude oil was 93% in the soil with an addition of 10% kapok. The present study clearly demonstrates that, if suitably developed, Polyporus sp. S133 could be used to remediate soil contaminated with crude oil

Effect of environmental factors in the decolorization of remazol brilliant blue R by polyporus sp. S133

The effects of environmental conditions such as pH, agitation, carbon and nitrogen sources, metal ion, salinity and phenolic compound on the decolorization of the anthraquinone type textile dyestuff Remazol Brilliant Blue R by white rot fungi, Polyporus sp. S133 were investigated. After extensive testing, the best performance took place at pH 4 and decolorization of the dye in liquid effluents was significantly increased by agitation. Compared to other carbon and nitrogen sources tested, glucose and ammonium tartrate gave rise to better decolorization performances. Decolorization of RBBR occurred in the presence of metal ions which are typically found in textile industry effluents. Of all the metal ions tested, Fe ++ was the most inhibiting of the decolorization. The effect of culture salinity on decolorization was also investigated. Under high-salt conditions, RBBR was also decolorized completely in 6 d. The presence of phenolic compounds inhibited the decolorization at a concentration of 1 mM, but protocatechuic acid showed no inhibition. The results indicate that possibly anthraquinone type dyes such as RBBR act as enzyme substrates that are directly oxidized by laccase