Kime

Skriftlig del av masterprosjekt, Kunst og håndverk, 2023 Written part of master project. Arts & Craft, 202

Presentasjon av forsøk med alternativ transportforvaltning: Eksempel fra Kristiansand, Norge

Erfaringene fra transportforvaltningen er at det er mange aktører som har ansvar, det oppstår lett institusjonelle barrièrer og det er mange særinteresser. Det kan føre til følgende: Tiltak tar lang tid å gjennomføre. Feil tiltak prioriteres. Manglende samordning gjør tiltakene mindre effektive. Konsekvensen kan da være at man ikke får gjort det som er mulig å gjøre fordi aktørene ikke klarer å samhandle om gjøre de rette tingene til rett tid. Transportforvaltningen blir ikke effektiv nok, og vi klarer ikke å nå de ønskede målsettinger. De statlige myndighetene i Norge ønsket å få mer kunnskap om effekten en mer samordnet areal- og transportpolitikk i norske byområder. I forbindelse med Nasjonal Transportplan i 2001, ble det lansert et forsøk med alternativ transportforvaltning med følgende formål: ”Hovedformålet med forsøkene er å oppnå en bedre samordnet areal- og transportpolitikk i byområdene og bedre offentlig ressursutnyttelse på tvers av forvaltningsnivåer innenfor transportsektoren. Forsøkene skal belyse om andre organisatoriske løsninger enn dagens kan møte utfordringene bl.a. knyttet til miljø og framkommelighet på en mer helhetlig og effektiv måte.”(Kilde: Nasjonal Transportplan 2002 – 2011

Sammenhengen mellom differensiert basistilskudd og fastlegers innsatsnivå

I statsbudsjettet for 2023 ble det foreslått å endre finansieringsmodellen til å inkludere differensiert basistilskudd for å styrke fastlegeordningen. Differensiert basistilskudd er en fast betaling fastlegen får per pasient som er justert etter pasientbehov. Forslaget kom i lyset av fastlegekrisen, og ble innført 1.mai 2023. For å vurdere effekten av innføringen av differensiert basistilskudd har jeg satt opp tre modeller. Hvor jeg har vurdert antakelser og brukt komparativ statikk for å vurdere hvordan ulike parametere endrer det optimale innsatsnivået til fastlegen. Resultatet fra den første modellen viste at innsatsnivået til fastlegen ble redusert ved en økning i basistilskuddet. Modellene med differensiert basistilskudd viste derimot at innsatsnivået til fastlegen avhengte av pasientsammensetningen. Har fastlegen en pasientliste med flest høyrisikopasienter vil en økning i det differensiert basistilskudd på høyrisikopasienter redusere innsatsen til fastlegen. Effekten var derimot motsatt for fastleger med flest lavrisikopasienter, som vil si at en økning i differensiert basistilskudd på høyrisikopasienter økte innsatsnivået. For det norske helsesystemet betyr det at man kan forvente at differensiert basistilskudd vil stimulere noen fastleger til å øke innsatsen og andre til å redusere. Dermed kan portvaktrollen både styrkes og svekkes. Samtidig vil differensiert basistilskudd kunne stimulere fastlegen til å øke listelengden, som kan være en viktig effekt for å forbedre fastlegekrisen.MasteroppgaveECON391MASV-SØKPROF-SØ

Impacts of agricultural land use on biological integrity: a causal analysis

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116919/1/eap20112183128.pd

Lake Michigan’s suitability for bigheaded carp: The importance of diet flexibility and subsurface habitat

As bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)—collectively bigheaded carp (BHC)—arrive at Lake Michigan’s doorstep, questions remain as to whether there is sufficient food to support these invasive filter‐feeding fishes in the upper Laurentian Great Lakes. Previous studies suggest that suitable BHC habitat is limited to a few productive, nearshore areas. However, those studies did not consider the influence of BHC’s diet plasticity or the presence of spatially‐discrete subsurface prey resources. This study aimed to characterise Lake Michigan’s suitability for BHC and evaluate the importance of these considerations in habitat suitability assessments.We used simulated outputs of prey biomass (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus) and water temperature from a three‐dimensional biophysical model of Lake Michigan to evaluate growth rate potential (GRP, quantitative index of habitat suitability) of adult BHC throughout the entire volume of the lake. Our GRP model applied a foraging model and a bioenergetics model to translate prey concentrations and water temperatures into habitat quality indexed by individual fish growth rate. We defined suitable habitat as habitats that can support GRP ≥ 0 g g−1 day−1. We developed six feeding scenarios to evaluate the impact of diet flexibility and subsurface prey resources on suitable habitat quantity. Scenarios were defined by the number of prey types the fish could consume and the depths at which they could feed (surface or whole water column).Consistent with previous studies, we found that habitats with the highest quality were concentrated near river mouths and in eutrophic areas of Green Bay. However, in contrast to previous studies, we found suitable offshore habitat for bighead carp owing to our added considerations of diet plasticity and subsurface prey resources. For silver carp, these considerations extended suitable habitat within Green Bay and in some tributary‐influenced nearshore areas, but offshore areas remained predominantly unsuitable in all feeding scenarios. Differences in simulated habitat suitability between these two species probably reflect differences in energy density and mass of the specific fishes we used in our model. However, reports of these two species in environments where they coexist indicate that bighead carp grow at faster rates than silver carp, as our model simulated.Our vertical analysis at Muskegon, MI, U.S.A. indicates that subsurface temperature and prey biomass are not only sufficient to support bighead carp growth but provide maximum habitat quality during late summer stratification.Overall, our study demonstrates that BHC are capable of surviving and growing in much larger areas of Lake Michigan than predicted by previous studies, and thus suggests that the risk of establishment is not sufficiently reduced by low plankton concentrations. Maps generated by our model identified the potential for cross‐lake migration corridors that may facilitate and accelerate lake‐wide movements. We believe these maps could be used to prioritise surveillance protocols by identifying areas to which BHC might spread upon entering the lake. More broadly, this research demonstrates how the physiology and trophic ecology of BHC contributes to their high invasive capacity and can permit their survival in novel environments.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151968/1/fwb13382_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151968/2/fwb13382.pd

The Great Lakes Hydrography Dataset: Consistent, Binational Watersheds for the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin

Ecosystem‐based management of the Laurentian Great Lakes, which spans both the United States and Canada, is hampered by the lack of consistent binational watersheds for the entire Basin. Using comparable data sources and consistent methods, we developed spatially equivalent watershed boundaries for the binational extent of the Basin to create the Great Lakes Hydrography Dataset (GLHD). The GLHD consists of 5,589 watersheds for the entire Basin, covering a total area of approximately 547,967 km2, or about twice the 247,003 km2 surface water area of the Great Lakes. The GLHD improves upon existing watershed efforts by delineating watersheds for the entire Basin using consistent methods; enhancing the precision of watershed delineation using recently developed flow direction grids that have been hydrologically enforced and vetted by provincial and federal water resource agencies; and increasing the accuracy of watershed boundaries by enforcing embayments, delineating watersheds on islands, and delineating watersheds for all tributaries draining to connecting channels. In addition, the GLHD is packaged in a publically available geodatabase that includes synthetic stream networks, reach catchments, watershed boundaries, a broad set of attribute data for each tributary, and metadata documenting methodology. The GLHD provides a common set of watersheds and associated hydrography data for the Basin that will enhance binational efforts to protect and restore the Great Lakes.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134077/1/jawr12435_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134077/2/jawr12435.pd

Predicting Future Changes in Muskegon River Watershed Game Fish Distributions under Future Land Cover Alteration and Climate Change Scenarios

Future alterations in land cover and climate are likely to cause substantial changes in the ranges of fish species. Predictive distribution models are an important tool for assessing the probability that these changes will cause increases or decreases in or the extirpation of species. Classification tree models that predict the probability of game fish presence were applied to the streams of the Muskegon River watershed, Michigan. The models were used to study three potential future scenarios: (1) land cover change only, (2) land cover change and a 3°C increase in air temperature by 2100, and (3) land cover change and a 5°C increase in air temperature by 2100. The analysis indicated that the expected change in air temperature and subsequent change in water temperatures would result in the decline of coldwater fish in the Muskegon watershed by the end of the 21st century while cool‐ and warmwater species would significantly increase their ranges. The greatest decline detected was a 90% reduction in the probability that brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis would occur in Bigelow Creek. The greatest increase was a 276% increase in the probability that northern pike Esox lucius would occur in the Middle Branch River. Changes in land cover are expected to cause large changes in a few fish species, such as walleye Sander vitreus and Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, but not to drive major changes in species composition. Managers can alter stream environmental conditions to maximize the probability that species will reside in particular stream reaches through application of the classification tree models. Such models represent a good way to predict future changes, as they give quantitative estimates of the n‐dimensional niches for particular species.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141570/1/tafs0396.pd

Comparing Effects of Nutrients on Algal Biomass in Streams in Two Regions with Different Disturbance Regimes and with Applications for Developing Nutrient Criteria

Responses of stream algal biomass to nutrient enrichment were studied in two regions where differences in hydrologic variability cause great differences in herbivory. Around northwestern Kentucky (KY) hydrologic variability constrains invertebrate biomass and their effects on algae, but hydrologic stability in Michigan (MI) streams permits accrual of high herbivore densities and herbivory of benthic algae. Multiple indicators of algal biomass and nutrient availability were measured in 104 streams with repeated sampling at each site over a 2−month period. Many measures of algal biomass and nutrient availability were positively correlated in both regions, however the amount of variation explained varied with measures of biomass and nutrient concentration and with region. Indicators of diatom biomass were higher in KY than MI, but were not related to nutrient concentrations in either region. Chl   a and % area of substratum covered by Cladophora were positively correlated to nutrient concentrations in both regions. Cladophora responded significantly more to nutrients in MI than KY. Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) explained similar amounts of variation in algal biomass, and not significantly more variation in biomass than dissolved nutrient concentrations. Low N:P ratios in the benthic algae indicated N as well as P may be limiting their accrual. Most observed responses in benthic algal biomass occurred in nutrient concentrations between 10 and 30 μg TP  l −1 and between 400 and 1000 μg TN l −1 .Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42905/1/10750_2005_Article_1611.pd

The effect of pH, aluminum, and chelator manipulations on the growth of acidic and circumneutral species of Asterionella

The growth rates of two diatoms, acidophilic Asterionella ralfsii and circumneutral A. formosa , were differentially affected by varying pH, Al, and EDTA in chemically defined media. Free Al ion concentration increased as pH and EDTA concentration decreased. Free trace metal ion concentration decreased as EDTA levels increased but increased by orders of magnitude upon addition of Al. pH had an overriding species specific effect on growth rate; at low pH A. ralfsii had higher growth rates than A. formosa and vice versa at high pH. For both species higher EDTA levels depressed growth rates. Moderate additions of Al generally resulted in growth stimulation. The growth rate stimulations, especially at 200 and 400 μg L −1 Al additions, correlate to increases in free trace metal ion concentrations. The EDTA-AI interaction effects on growth rate were both pH and concentration dependent: at pH 7 both species were stimulated by addition of Al at all EDTA levels (except A. ralfsii at 5.0 mM EDTA and A. formosa at 0.5 mNM EDTA); at pH 6 Al addition either stimulated or had no effect on the growth rates of both species (except at low EDTA and high Al levels); at pH 5 A. formosa did not grow and additions of 200 μg L −1 Al stimulated growth of A. ralfsii . It is likely that the effect of pH, Al, and EDTA on speciation of essential or toxic trace metals affects growth rates of these diatoms in a species specific manner.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43905/1/11270_2004_Article_BF00282626.pd