Spectroscopic detection of volatile fluorides following gas chromatographic separation

Imperial Users onl

Mechanical and Ballistic Resistance Properties of a Coconut Shell Powder Epoxy Composite (Coex) Subjected to Impact Loads

An armor design study has been carried out to determine the feasibility of utilizing a coconut shell powder (CSP) reinforced composite as one of the protective component in hard body armor application. Few experimental approaches have been carried out to determine the physical and mechanical properties of coconut shell powder-epoxy composite (COEX). The COEX composite panel bonded with Twaron CT716 fabric as its spall liner (or COMBAT) was also subjected to ballistic tests at several impacting velocity in order to determine the COEX armor ballistic resistance capabilities at certain threat levels. The physical properties of CSP-A (coarse grade) with low aspect ratio of 0.71, bulk density of 0.424 g/cm3 and broad particle size distribution were important factors in the its selection as the best powder type for COEX specimen fabrication. This was due to its potential influences (based from the properties) of increasing the particle-matrix interfacial bonding in the COEX composite system. CSP-B (fine grade) and CSP-C (super fine grade) although possessing higher bulk density which can lead to better compaction, were not chosen due to its higher moisture content and aspect ratio. where these properties is expected to give a weak interfacial bonding for the composite system. These statements was proven in the mechanical testing (tensile, flexural, compression and hardness), where COEX-A (with CSP content of 50%) imparts the highest value in all mechanical properties. It had been found that the tensile, compressive and flexural strength of COEX-A was measured at 17.44 MPa, 100.05 MPa and 194.8 MPa respectively when compared to the other COEX configurations. The Rockwell hardness value for COEX-A was also found to be the highest compared to COEX-B and COEX-C. All these mechanical properties play a significant influence in the ballistic resistance capabilities of the COEX materials Statistical models were developed using 2 level of Full Factorial Design method to predict the armor‟s impact resistance and blunt trauma depth using several parameters which are critical to the fabrication and ballistic testing of the COMBAT armor panel. The models were verified and showed good agreement with the actual laboratory test data. Finally, the for actual ballistic armor test of the COMBAT armor panels were tested according to NIJ Standard 0101.08 with 9 mm Full Metal jacket and 7.52 mm M-16 bullets. It was observed that the imprint patterns on the COEX materials could be identified according to the effectiveness in impact energy dissipation. COMBAT test panels were found to withstand impact equivalent to NIJ Level IIIA using a 9 mm FMJ ammunition but perforated at NIJ Level III of 7.62 mm FMJ bullet impacts. Test results showed that COEX panel do possess shock absorbance characteristics and can be utilized as an armor component in the hard body armor system. Dependency on the numbers of Twaron fabric layers as ballistic reinforcements had been reduced up to 3 times with 170 % improvement on energy absorption capabilities when using COEX composite as the frontal component of the armor

A Clinical Audit of a Lynch Syndrome referral protocol

Approximately 14% of patients with colorectal cancer have tumours that exhibit a deficiency in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, of which 3% have Lynch syndrome where the mutations have germline origin. Lynch syndrome is associated with significant lifetime cancer risks, so early diagnosis is required to optimise outcomes (Vasen et al 2015). Previously family history assessment was used to identify individuals with Lynch syndrome, but a significant proportion were not identified due to familial heterogeneity.; therefore routine MMR immunohistochemistry testing of resected tumours (from patients with primary colorectal cancer aged 18 to 70 years old) has been practiced at a local NHS Trust since 2012. The primary aim of this testing was to inform treatment decision making, since the use of adjuvant chemotherapy is not beneficial in treating MMR deficient tumours. As a result of this testing, individuals with Lynch syndrome have been identified. Previous data suggests that only a small propo

Reference to the index of Risby Brothers, sawmillers and timber merchants.

Thomas Risby arrived in Van Dieman's Land from Norfolk Island in 1808. He was a master boat builder, specialising in whale boats and his sons joined him in the business. In 1844 one of tne sons, Joseph Edward Risby, went into the timber business and established an office and sawmill at the corner of Elizabeth and Davey Streets close to Franklin Wharf. The mill was known as 'The Franklin Wharf Steam Saw and Bark Mills'. In 1878 this mill was burnt down, but was rebuilt and enlarged. Collection holds diaries, various photographs and an account ledger

Normal Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Subjected to Explosive Loading

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the behavior of plain reinforced concrete and Normal strength steel fiber reinforced concrete panels (SFRC) subjected to explosive loading. The experiment were performed by the Blast Research Unit Faculty of Engineering, University Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia A total of 8 reinforced concrete panels of 600mm x 600mm x 100mm were tested. The steel fiber reinforced concrete panels incorporated three different volume fraction, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% of hooked end steel fibers. The panels were subjected to explosive loading generated by the detonation of 1kg of explosive charge located at a 0.6m standoff. This investigation indicates that the steel fiber reinforced concrete panel containing of 1.5% volume fraction gave the best performance under explosive loading

Beräkning av areal och stående timmervolym i skyddszoner skapade från DTW-index

I Sverige bedrivs skogsbruk på en stor del av skogsmarken vilket riskerar att påverka miljön i vattendragen negativt. Lokala utströmningsområden i anslutning till vattendrag har extra stor betydelse för ytvattnets kemi. Störningar i utströmningsområden, såsom körskador och markberedning, kan därför påverka ytvattenmiljön i närliggande vattendrag negativt. Skyddszoner mot vattendrag är viktiga för motverka negativa effekter av skogsbruksåtgärder i anslutning till vattendrag. Trots skyddszonernas viktiga funktion har skogsstyrelsen visat på bristfällig kantzonshänsyn i Svenskt skogsbruk. I och med att Sverige fått en ny högupplöst nationell höjdmodell finns nu möjlighet att beräkna DTW-index (cartographic depth-to-water) med samma upplösning som den ursprungliga höjdmodellen. Utifrån DTW-index kan dynamiska skyddszoner som är hydrologiskt och topografiskt betingade skapas mot vattendrag. I denna studie har de skogliga konsekvenserna av införandet av skyddszoner mot vattendrag skapade utifrån DTW-index undersökts. Som referens användes även en fast 15 meters buffertzon på båda sidor om alla permanenta vattendrag. Konsekvenserna för de fyra skyddszonerna undersöktes på avrinningsområdes nivå för Krycklans avrinningsområde i norra Sverige. Beroende på vilken skyddszon som används så omfattas 63 - 198 hektar eller 2 - 7 % av studieområdets totala areal av skyddszon. Medelvolymen i skyddszonerna varierade mellan 214 m3sk/ha och 294 m3sk/ha. Det innebar att alla skyddszoner hade en högre medelvolym än den omgivande skogsmarken (155 m3sk/ha). Den totala volymen i skyddszoner sträckte sig från 13700 m3sk till 32300 m3sk. Lövskogsandelen för skyddszonerna skapade från DTW-index var högre (31 % -35 %) än för den fasta buffertzonen (29 %) även om skillnaden var liten. Medelvolymen lövskog i skyddszonerna sträckte sig från 51 m3sk/ha till 76 m3sk/ha och den totala volymen från (4800 m3sk till 10100 m3sk). Barrskogsmedelvolymen i skyddszonerna varierade mellan 112 m3sk/ha och 141 m3sk/ha och den totala barrskogsvolymen mellan 8900 m3sk och 22200 m3sk beroende på vilken skyddszon som användes. Den här studien visar att utformandet av nya restriktioner för skogsbruk i närheten av vattendrag i hög grad påverkar arealerna och volymerna som kan komma att omfattas av restriktioner. När policybeslut skall tas som innebär ökade restriktioner vilket minskar möjligheten till att bruka den egna marken är det viktigt att vara medveten om hur restriktionerna påverkar skogsbruket. Med skyddszoner skapade m.h.a DTW-index kan förhoppningsvisutströmningsområden skyddas samtidigt som avverkning och terrängkörning tillåts närmare vattendrag där markförhållandena är goda. Det gör att skyddszonens hydrologiska funktion bör kunna upprätthållas samtidigt som arealen där skogsbruk och terrängkörning inte får förekomma minimeras.In Sweden forestry operations are carried out on a large portion of the forest land. Forest operations are likely to affect the environment in surface water negatively. Local discharge areas close to surface water are of extra importance for surface water chemistry. Disturbances in discharge areas such as rutting and soil scarification can affect surface water environment in the nearby streams negatively. Riparian zones along waterways are important to counteract the negative effects of forestry operations. Despite the important functions of riparian zones, the Swedish Forestry Agency has shown that insufficient consideration to riparian zones is taken when forestry operations are carried out. The fact that Sweden got a new high resolution national elevation model has made it possible to calculate DTW (cartographic depth-to-water) at the same resolution as the original elevation model. Based on DTW dynamic riparian zones that are hydrologically and topographically induced can be created along streams and surface water. In this study the impact of introducing riparian zones created from DTW index are investigated. A fixed buffer zone, 15 meters on both sides of all permanent streams served as a reference. Consequences of different designs of the riparian protection zones were examined at catchment level in the Krycklan catchment in northern Sweden. Depending on the definition of the riparian protection zone used, riparian areas covered from 63 to 198 hectares or 2-7 % of the study area's total areal. The average forest volume in riparian protection zones ranged from 214 m3sk/ha to 294 m3sk/ha. This meant that all riparian protection zones had a higher average volume than the surrounding forest land (155 m3sk/ha). The total volume in riparian management ranged from 13700 m3sk to 32300 m3sk. The hardwood share in riparian zones created from DTW index was higher (31% - 35%) than for the fixed buffer zone (29%) although the difference was small. The average volume of hardwood in riparian zones ranged from 51 m3sk/ha to 76 m3sk/ha. The total hardwood volume in riparian zones ranged from 4800 m3sk to 10100 m3sk. The average volume of softwood in riparian zones ranged from 112 m3sk/ha to 141 m3sk/ha. The total volume of softwood in riparian management ranged from 8900 m3sk to 22200 m3sk. This study shows that the design of riparian protection zones greatly influence the areas and volumes affected by riparian restrictions. When policy decisions are made resulting in enhanced restrictions, it is important to be aware of how the restrictions affect the forestry. With dynamic riparian zones created with DTW index, discharge areas are protected while logging are allowed closer to streams where the soil conditions are better. By this the hydrologic function of the riparian zone can be maintained while the restricted area is minimized