Identification des régions de surface des nanoparticules du virus de la mosaïque de la papaye (PAPMV) dans le but d'optimiser son utilisation comme plateforme vaccinale

La surface externe du virus de la mosaïque de la papaye (PapMV) a été caractérisée par deux approches différentes : biochimique et immunologique. Sept régions ont été identifiées. Trois régions de surface (les extrémités N- et C-terminales, ainsi que la région 117 à 136) peuvent être considérées comme étant dominantes puisqu’elles ont été ciblées par les deux approches. Les régions 141-152, 173-184, 189-200 et 205-215 ont été révélées par l’approche immunologique seulement. De plus, un criblage de l’épitope HA11 du virus de l’Influenza à plusieurs sites a permis de valider le potentiel du PapMV à présenter des épitopes en surface. Les extrémités N- et C-terminales et la position 187 supportent l’insertion du peptide HA11 à la surface. Seulement la fusion à l’extrémité N-terminal en position 12 donne des particules stables à température corporelle des animaux et permettent de lever une réponse immunitaire contre le peptide HA11. Donc, la stabilité des nanoparticules est essentielle à l’obtention d’une bonne réponse immunitaire.Surface-exposed regions of Papaya Mosaic Virus (PapMV) were evaluated by two different methods: immunoblot assay and chemical modifications followed by mass spectrometry. Three regions were targeted by both techniques: the N- and C-termini and region 125-136. These regions are therefore considered to be major surface epitopes. Four other regions were only detected by the immunological technique: regions 117-128, 141-152, 173-184 and 189-200. Sites of fusion using the Influenza virus HA11 peptide were evaluated on the PapMV vaccine platform. Fusions of HA11 at three functional sites located after amino acids 12 and 187 and at the C-terminus led to the production of PapMV particles. It was successfully demonstrated that the HA11 epitope was located at the surface of the particles. The stability and immunogenicity of the nanoparticles were evaluated, and a direct correlation was established between the stability of the particles and their ability to trigger an efficient immune response against HA11

Development of a versatile vaccination platform based on papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) nanoparticles

Over the past years, virus-like particles (VLPs) have shown great potential as highly immunogenic subunit vaccines. These non-infectious viral structures mimic the native pathogen’s organisation and conformation. VLPs contain highly repetitive and ordered viral epitopes leading to B cell activation through receptor cross-linking. By displaying heterologous epitopes on VLPs, one can mount an immune response against a different pathogen. These chimeric VLPs serve as presentation scaffold and can sometimes act as adjuvant to boost the immune response. However, VLP assembly can be affected by large epitope insertions altering intra or extra protein interactions impacting its conformation. Even if the insertion is successful, the epitopes have to be exposed at the particle surface to induce an immune response. To circumvent this problem, we have developed a new vaccine platform based on PapMV nanoparticules and sortase A (SrtA) transpeptidase. SrtA catalyzes the covalent conjugation of target antigenic epitopes to already assembled PapMV VLPs harbouring the SrtA recognition motif LPETG. Successful SrtA conjugations were achieved with peptides derived from Influenza (M2e) and HIV (T20). SrtA conjugated PapMV nanoparticles induce strong humoral responses in mice against both M2e and T20 peptides. PapMV-M2e vaccinated mice were protected against a lethal dose of Influenza H1N1 (A/WSN/33). Sera from PapMV-T20 vaccinated mice did not reduce in vitro HIV infection even with the high presence of specific antibodies. This new PapMV-SrtA platform eliminates the need for genetic fusion of the coat protein that can be difficult, time consuming and, sometime, unrealizable. The modification of PapMV VLP post-assembly facilitates its use in the rapid development of new vaccines by changing the nature of the target epitopes conjugated. This could be particularly useful when developing a pandemic vaccine or personalised vaccine for cancer therapy

Engineering of Papaya Mosaic Virus (PapMV) Nanoparticles through Fusion of the HA11 Peptide to Several Putative Surface-Exposed Sites

Papaya mosaic virus has been shown to be an efficient adjuvant and vaccine platform in the design and improvement of innovative flu vaccines. So far, all fusions based on the PapMV platform have been located at the C-terminus of the PapMV coat protein. Considering that some epitopes might interfere with the self-assembly of PapMV CP when fused at the C-terminus, we evaluated other possible sites of fusion using the influenza HA11 peptide antigen. Two out of the six new fusion sites tested led to the production of recombinant proteins capable of self assembly into PapMV nanoparticles; the two functional sites are located after amino acids 12 and 187. Immunoprecipitation of each of the successful fusions demonstrated that the HA11 epitope was located at the surface of the nanoparticles. The stability and immunogenicity of the PapMV-HA11 nanoparticles were evaluated, and we could show that there is a direct correlation between the stability of the nanoparticles at 37°C (mammalian body temperature) and the ability of the nanoparticles to trigger an efficient immune response directed towards the HA11 epitope. This strong correlation between nanoparticle stability and immunogenicity in animals suggests that the stability of any nanoparticle harbouring the fusion of a new peptide should be an important criterion in the design of a new vaccine

A Type System for Privacy Properties (Technical Report)

Mature push button tools have emerged for checking trace properties (e.g. secrecy or authentication) of security protocols. The case of indistinguishability-based privacy properties (e.g. ballot privacy or anonymity) is more complex and constitutes an active research topic with several recent propositions of techniques and tools. We explore a novel approach based on type systems and provide a (sound) type system for proving equivalence of protocols, for a bounded or an unbounded number of sessions. The resulting prototype implementation has been tested on various protocols of the literature. It provides a significant speed-up (by orders of magnitude) compared to tools for a bounded number of sessions and complements in terms of expressiveness other state-of-the-art tools, such as ProVerif and Tamarin: e.g., we show that our analysis technique is the first one to handle a faithful encoding of the Helios e-voting protocol in the context of an untrusted ballot box

Adoptive immunotherapy monitored by micro-MRI in experimental colorectal liver metastasis

In this study we used the colon carcinoma DHDK12 cell line and generated single metastasis after subcapsular injection in BDIX rats as an experimental tumor model. The aim of the work was to set up in vitro experimental conditions to prepare immune effector cells and in vivo conditions for monitoring the effects of such cells injected as adoptive immunotherapy. Dendritic cells can process tumor cell antigens, induce a T-cell response and be used ex vivo to prepare activated lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were harvested from mesenteric lymph nodes and cocultured with bone marrow-derived autologous dendritic cells previously loaded with irradiated tumor cells. In vitro, the coculture: 1) induced the proliferation of lymphocytes, 2) expanded a preferential subpopulation of T CD8 lymphocytes, and 3) was in favor of lymphocyte cytotoxic activity against the DHDK12 tumor cell line. Activated lymphocytes were injected in the tumor-bearing rat portal vein. Parameters could be set to monitor tumor volume by micro MRI. This monitoring before and after treatment and immunohistochemical examinations revealed that: 1) micro MRI is an appropriate tool to survey metastasis growth in rat, 2) injected lymphocytes increase lesional infiltration with T CD8 cells even 15 days after treatment, 3) a dose of 50 millions lymphocytes is not sufficient to act on the course of the tumor

Is magnetic resonance imaging texture analysis a useful tool for cell therapy in vivo monitoring?

Assessment of anti-tumor treatment efficiency is usually done by measuring tumor size. Treatment may however induce changes in the tumor other than tumor size. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Texture Analysis (MRI-TA) is presently used to follow activated lymphocyte cell therapy. We used a 7T microimager to acquire high-resolution MR images of an experimental liver metastasis from colon carcinoma in rats treated (n = 4) or not (n = 3) with a cell therapy product. MRI-TA was then performed with Linear Discriminant Analysis and showed: i) a significant variation of tumor texture with tumor growth and ii) a significant modification in the texture of tumors treated with activated lymphocytes compared with untreated tumors. T2-weighted images or volume calculation did not evidence any difference. MRI-TA appears as a promising method for early detection and follow-up of response to cell therapy

Amyloid and tau pathology associations with personality traits, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive lifestyle in the preclinical phases of sporadic and autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease

Background Major prevention trials for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are now focusing on multidomain lifestyle interventions. However, the exact combination of behavioral factors related to AD pathology remains unclear. In 2 cohorts of cognitively unimpaired individuals at risk of AD, we examined which combinations of personality traits, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive lifestyle (years of education or lifetime cognitive activity) related to the pathological hallmarks of AD, amyloid-β, and tau deposits. Methods A total of 115 older adults with a parental or multiple-sibling family history of sporadic AD (PREVENT-AD [PRe-symptomatic EValuation of Experimental or Novel Treatments for AD] cohort) underwent amyloid and tau positron emission tomography and answered several questionnaires related to behavioral attributes. Separately, we studied 117 mutation carriers from the DIAN (Dominant Inherited Alzheimer Network) study group cohort with amyloid positron emission tomography and behavioral data. Using partial least squares analysis, we identified latent variables relating amyloid or tau pathology with combinations of personality traits, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive lifestyle. Results In PREVENT-AD, lower neuroticism, neuropsychiatric burden, and higher education were associated with less amyloid deposition (p = .014). Lower neuroticism and neuropsychiatric features, along with higher measures of openness and extraversion, were related to less tau deposition (p = .006). In DIAN, lower neuropsychiatric burden and higher education were also associated with less amyloid (p = .005). The combination of these factors accounted for up to 14% of AD pathology. Conclusions In the preclinical phase of both sporadic and autosomal dominant AD, multiple behavioral features were associated with AD pathology. These results may suggest potential pathways by which multidomain interventions might help delay AD onset or progression

Systemic light chain amyloidosis and Sjogren syndrome: an uncommon association.

International audienceSjogren syndrome is associated with lymphoproliferative disease in 7% of cases; however, association with AL amyloidosis is uncommon. We present a patient who presented simultaneously with Sjogren syndrome (supported by dry mouth, positive Schirmer's test, anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, and a lower lip salivary gland biopsy) and AL amyloidosis revealed by heart failure without myeloma. Although is it know that amyloidosis can masquerade as Sjogren syndrome, the occurrence of simultaneous AL amyloidosis and primary Sjogren syndrome has been reported rarely

Stable nanoparticles are more immunogenic in animals.

<p>Balb/C mice (5 per groups) were immunized twice with a 14-day interval with 100 µg s.c. of PapMV-HA11-12, PapMV-HA11-187 or PapMV-HA11-C, respectively. The total IgG (A) or the IgG2a (B) humoral response directed to the HA11 peptide was measured by ELISA. Also, the total IgG (C) and IgG2a (D) directed to the PapMV CP was measured by ELISA. *** P<0.0001 **P<0.01.</p

Structural changes in PapMV CP in the different recombinant nanoparticles induced by an increase in temperature.

<p>Each of the recombinant nanoparticles (PapMV-HA11-12, PapMV-HA11-187 and PapMV-HA11-C) at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml were heated in steps of 1°C and secondary structure changes of the protein was monitored by circular dichroism. The read-out was performed at a wave length of 208 nm. The arrows show the point of inflection for each of the nanoparticles. The black bar represents the body temperature of mice (36.9°C).</p