Probiotics in aquaculture

The skin, lateral line, gills and gastrointestinal tract or a combination of these organs are suggested to be infection routes in fish. This presentation will present some information on pathogenesis, protection against bacterial adhesion, autochthonous microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract and prebiotics. This information is important when discussing the use of probiotics in aquaculture. Intensive fish production has increased the risk of infectious diseases and there is a growing need to find alternatives to antibiotic treatment for disease control as indiscriminate use of antibiotics in many parts of the aquaculture industry has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Today, a range of microorganisms have been suggested as or evaluated as fish probiotics. These include lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species, Vibrio species and other Gram-negatives. However, research in probiotics for aquaculture is at an early stage and much work is still needed. Another aspect on fish health is the use of prebiotics to increase the population level of already beneficial bacteria colonizing the gastrointestinal tract and the effect of diet in disease resistance

Carnobacteria in fish

Carnobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, within family Carnobacteriaceae, and they are catalase- and oxidase-negative, non-sporing bacteria with properties such as CO2 and L (+)- lactic acid production from glucose, but they are not able to grow on acetate agar. They are ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria and have been isolated from both cold and temperate environments, and they are identified as components of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of salmonids and several other fish species of which Carnobacterium (piscicola) maltaromaticum, Carnobacterium mobile, Carnobacterium divergens, Carnobacterium alterfunitum, and Carnobacterium inhibens are reported. During the last two decades several studies have revealed that carnobacteria can act as probiotics to promote health benefits of fish, as well as they in ex vivo studies to some extent can out-compete pathogens. In addition to beneficial effects, information is available that some carnobacteria species causing fish disease. The aim of the present review is to present an updated overview of Carnobacterium in fish, with focus on their presence in the GI tract, their use as probiotic supplement and general information on pathogenic carnobacteria

The Effect of Gut Microbiota and Probiotics on Metabolism in Fish and Shrimp

The present paper presents an overview of the effects of gut microbiota and probiotics on lipid-, carbohydrate-, protein- and amino acid metabolism in fish and shrimp. In probiotic fish studies, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model is the most frequently used, and probiotic administration reveals the effect on glucose homeostasis, anti-lipidemic effects and increasing short-chain fatty acids, and increased expressions of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and innate immunity, along with down-regulation of oxidative stress-related genes. Further, improved length of the intestinal villi and expression of nutrient transporters in fish owing to probiotics exposure have been documented. The present review will present an appraisal of the effect of intestinal microbiota and probiotic administration on the metabolism of nutrients and metabolites related to stress and immunity in diverse fish- and shrimp species. Furthermore, to give the reader satisfactory information on the topics discussed, some information from endothermic animals is also presented

Skidt med årsagen, når bare vi er pålidelige. Psykiatriske diagnosers historiske indhold, udvikling og funktion

Hvad er det videnskabelige indhold i de psykiatriske diagnosesystemer? På hvilken måde har psykiatriske diagnoser en eksemplarisk relevans, der afspejler mere grundlæggende økonomiske, politiske og samfundsmæssige transformationsprocesser, og hvad kan vi lære af fortiden? Hvorfor handler uenigheder vedrørende de psykiatriske diagnoser dels om, hvad der bør kendetegne ”god” eller ”rigtig og sand” viden, men også om moral, værdier og menneske- og samfundssyn? Det er nogle af de spørgsmål, artiklen søger svar på. I artiklen vises, gennem en historisk analyse, hvorledes psykiatriske diagnoser afspejler grundlæggende bevægelser i viden om, og synet på, menneske, samfund og sygdom. Don’t mind the causes, just be reliable: The historical content, development, and function of psychiatric diagnosesHow do shifting psychiatric diagnoses reflect our understanding of humanity and of human problems, illnesses, and unwanted conditions? In what way do psychiatric diagnoses hold an exemplary relevance that transcends the object of research of psychiatry and reflects more fundamental econom- 58 Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund, nr. 25, 57-72 ic, political, and societal transformation processes, and what can we learn from the past? Why are disagreements concerning psychiatric diagnoses partially about what ought to characterize “good” or “real and true” knowledge, but also about morals, values, and views on society and human nature? These are some of the questions that the article seeks to answer. Through a historical analysis, the article illustrates how psychiatric diagnoses reflect shifting views on society and human nature in a close welfare political and economic interaction

The effect of gut microbiota and probiotics on metabolism in fish and shrimp

The present paper presents an overview of the effects of gut microbiota and probiotics on lipid-, carbohydrate-, protein- and amino acid metabolism in fish and shrimp. In probiotic fish studies, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model is the most frequently used, and probiotic administration reveals the effect on glucose homeostasis, anti-lipidemic effects and increasing short-chain fatty acids, and increased expressions of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and innate immunity, along with down-regulation of oxidative stress-related genes. Further, improved length of the intestinal villi and expression of nutrient transporters in fish owing to probiotics exposure have been documented. The present review will present an appraisal of the effect of intestinal microbiota and probiotic administration on the metabolism of nutrients and metabolites related to stress and immunity in diverse fish- and shrimp species. Furthermore, to give the reader satisfactory information on the topics discussed, some information from endothermic animals is also presented