A laminar organization for selective cortico-cortical communication

The neocortex is central to mammalian cognitive ability, playing critical roles in sensory perception, motor skills and executive function. This thin, layered structure comprises distinct, functionally specialized areas that communicate with each other through the axons of pyramidal neurons. For the hundreds of such cortico-cortical pathways to underlie diverse functions, their cellular and synaptic architectures must differ so that they result in distinct computations at the target projection neurons. In what ways do these pathways differ? By originating and terminating in different laminae, and by selectively targeting specific populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, these “interareal” pathways can differentially control the timing and strength of synaptic inputs onto individual neurons, resulting in layer-specific computations. Due to the rapid development in transgenic techniques, the mouse has emerged as a powerful mammalian model for understanding the rules by which cortical circuits organize and function. Here we review our understanding of how cortical lamination constrains long-range communication in the mammalian brain, with an emphasis on the mouse visual cortical network. We discuss the laminar architecture underlying interareal communication, the role of neocortical layers in organizing the balance of excitatory and inhibitory actions, and highlight the structure and function of layer 1 in mouse visual cortex

Evaluation of aesthetic integration between composite restorations and natural tooth in NCCL: a case report

NCCL (non carious cervical lesion) is defined as irreversible loss of dental hard tissue that does not involve bacteria. It consists of erosion, attrition, abrasion and abfraction that rarely occur alone. Dentinal hypersensitivity is an early symptom of NCCL. Preventive measures and restorative treatment can avoid the progress of NCCL. This paper reports a case of NCCL treatment with aesthetic purpose. The aesthetic evaluation was made by means of spectrophotometry as a standardized method. Spectrophotometric measurements such as International Commission on Illumination (CIE-Commission Internationale de l’Eclaraige) CIE L* a* b* and ΔE between the sound enamel and resin restoration, provide all the information about the outcome of the aesthetic restorative treatment

Motivasi Pemerintah Skotlandia Melakukan Referendum sebagai Upaya Pemisahan Diri dari Britania Raya pada Tahun 2014

This research describes about the motivation of the Scottish Government for a referendum as an attempt secession from the United Kingdom in 2014. The United Kingdom are a combination of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Scotland's area are 78.772 km2 or covers one-third of the United Kingdom. The Scottish government have different views and ideas with the British Government on policy making in some sectors. Scotland also has a great potential in the oil and gas resources that should be able to support the national economy.This research using qualitative method that collect data related from various sources. The writer collects data from books, encyclopedia, journals, mass media, and websites to analyze about motivation of Scottish Government conduct a referendum on independence. The theory applied in this research is the perspective of realism to the theory of ‘public policy' by William N. Dunn.The results of this research shows that the Scottish Government's ambition to make Scotland a more democratic, build more prosperous country, and realize a more equitable society. Scotland's Referendum was held on September 18, 2014, with the result that 55.25 percent of the people of Scotland choose to still be a part of the United Kingdom and 44.65 percent choose independence

Cellular Models for River Networks

A cellular model introduced for the evolution of the fluvial landscape is revisited using extensive numerical and scaling analyses. The basic network shapes and their recurrence especially in the aggregation structure are then addressed. The roles of boundary and initial conditions are carefully analyzed as well as the key effect of quenched disorder embedded in random pinning of the landscape surface. It is found that the above features strongly affect the scaling behavior of key morphological quantities. In particular, we conclude that randomly pinned regions (whose structural disorder bears much physical meaning mimicking uneven landscape-forming rainfall events, geological diversity or heterogeneity in surficial properties like vegetation, soil cover or type) play a key role for the robust emergence of aggregation patterns bearing much resemblance to real river networks.Comment: 7 pages, revtex style, 14 figure

Two-photon interference from two blinking quantum emitters

We investigate the effect of blinking on the two-photon interference measurement from two independent quantum emitters. We find that blinking significantly alters the statistics in the second-order intensity correlation function g$^{(2)}(\tau)$ and the outcome of two-photon interference measurements performed with independent quantum emitters. We theoretically demonstrate that the presence of blinking can be experimentally recognized by a deviation from the g$^{(2)}_{D}(0)=0.5$ value when distinguishable photons impinge on a beam splitter. Our results show that blinking imposes a mandatory cross-check measurement to correctly estimate the degree of indistinguishablility of photons emitted by independent quantum emitters

Stability and Total Variation Estimates on General Scalar Balance Laws

Consider the general scalar balance law \partial_t u + \Div f(t, x,u) = F(t,x,u) in several space dimensions. The aim of this note is to estimate the dependence of its solutions from the flow $f$ and from the source $F$. To this aim, a bound on the total variation in the space variables of the solution is obtained. This result is then applied to obtain well posedness and stability estimates for a balance law with a non local source

Prescription-induced jump distributions in multiplicative Poisson processes

Generalized Langevin equations (GLE) with multiplicative white Poisson noise pose the usual prescription dilemma leading to different evolution equations (master equations) for the probability distribution. Contrary to the case of multiplicative gaussian white noise, the Stratonovich prescription does not correspond to the well known mid-point (or any other intermediate) prescription. By introducing an inertial term in the GLE we show that the Ito and Stratonovich prescriptions naturally arise depending on two time scales, the one induced by the inertial term and the other determined by the jump event. We also show that when the multiplicative noise is linear in the random variable one prescription can be made equivalent to the other by a suitable transformation in the jump probability distribution. We apply these results to a recently proposed stochastic model describing the dynamics of primary soil salinization, in which the salt mass balance within the soil root zone requires the analysis of different prescriptions arising from the resulting stochastic differential equation forced by multiplicative white Poisson noise whose features are tailored to the characters of the daily precipitation. A method is finally suggested to infer the most appropriate prescription from the data