Pengaruh Kondisi Proses Ekstraksi Batang Brotowali (Tinospora Crispa (L) Hook.f & Thomson) terhadap Aktivitas Hambatan Enzim Alfa Glukosidase

Brotowali (Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. &Thomson) merupakan salah satu tanaman obat yang telah banyak digunakan untuk pengobatan tradisional dan memiliki aktivitas sebagai antidiabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kondisi proses ekstraksi batang brotowali terhadap aktivitas hambatan enzim alfa glukosidase, kadar total fenol dan Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Simplisia batang brotowali yang digunakan memiliki kadar susut pengeringan sebesar 11,59%; kadar air 9,11%; kadar abu total 7,62%; kadar abu tidak larut asam 5,00%; kadar sari larut air 2,24%; kadar sari larut etanol 0,53% dan kadar total fenol 2,90 mg Ekivalen Asam Galat (EAG)/g simplisia. Penelitian ini menggunakan variabel tetap yaitu metode ekstraksi perkolasi, konsentrasi etanol kualitas pangan 70% dan laju alir pelarut 250 mL/menit. Sedangkan variabel peubahnya adalah delapan waktu ekstraksi (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 dan 240 menit) dan tiga perbandingan simplisia-pelarut (1:10, 1:15 dan 1:20). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai aktivitas hambatan enzim alfa glukosidase dan TDS tertinggi diperoleh pada perbandingan simplisia-pelarut 1:10 dan berbeda signifikan (P<0,05) dengan perbandingan simplisia-pelarut 1:15 dan 1:20. Kadar total fenol berbeda signifikan (P< 0,05) antara ketiga perbandingan simplisia-pelarut 1:10, 1:15 dan 1:20. Proses waktu ekstraksi menunjukkan perbandingan nisbah simplisia-pelarut 1:10 memiliki aktivitas hambatan enzim alfa glukosidase tertinggi 81,31%, kadar total fenol 40,52 mg EAG/g ekstrak pada180 menit. Perbandingan simplisia-pelarut 1:15 diperoleh hambatan enzim alfa glukosidase tertinggi 74,79%, kadar total fenol 22,74 mg EAG/g ekstrak pada 30 menit. Sedangkan perbandingan simplisia-pelarut 1:20 diperoleh hambatan enzim alfa glukosidase tertinggi 65,00%, kadar total fenol 30,69 mg EAG/g ekstrak pada 210 menit.Kata kunci : Ekstraksi, Tinospora crispa, alfa glukosidase AbstractBrotowali (Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. &Thomson) is one of medicinal plants, which is widely used as traditional medicine and has been using as an antidiabetic activity. The aims of study were to investigate the influence of extraction process of T.crispa on alpha-glucosidase inhibitoryactivity, total phenols content and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) content. T.crispa used content of loss on drying, water content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, compound soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and total phenols were found to be 11.59%, 9.11%, 7.62%, 5.00%, 2.24%, 0.53% and 2.90 mg Gallic Acide Equivalent (GAE)/g respectively. This study used dependent variables those were method of extraction using percolation, 70% ethanol food grade as solvent and 250 mL/min flow rate of extraction. There were eight extraction times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes) and three ratios of T.crispa-solvent (1:10, 1:15 and 1:20) as nondependent variable. The results of extraction process showed that alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity and TDS content of the highest in ratio T.crispa solvent of 1:10 and significantly difference (P<0.05) than 1:15 and 1:20. The total phenols content of all ratios of T.crispa-solvents 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 having a significantly difference (P<0.05). The process of extraction time in ratio T.crispa-solven 1:10 with the best alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity 8.13%, phenol total content 40.52 mg GAE/g was on 180 minutes. Extraction time in ratio T.crispa-solven 1:15 with alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity 74.79% and phenol total content 22.74 mg GAE/g was on 30 minutes. Extraction time in ratio T.crispa-solven 1:20 with alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity 65.00%, phenol total content 30.69mg GAE/g was on 210 minutes.Keywords : Extraction, Tinospora crispa, alpha-glucosidas

Arsenic Trioxide with Ascorbic Acid and High-Dose Melphalan: Results of a Phase II Randomized Trial

AbstractArsenic trioxide (ATO) is synergistic with ascorbic acid (AA) and melphalan against myeloma both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this randomized phase II trial was to determine the safety and efficacy of a combination of ATO, melphalan, and AA as preparative regimen in 48 patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for multiple myeloma (MM). Forty-eight patients received melphalan 200 mg/m2 i.v. over 2 days and AA 1000 mg i.v. over 7 days in 3 treatment arms: no ATO (arm 1), ATO 0.15 mg/kg i.v. × 7 days (arm 2), and ATO 0.25 mg/kg i.v. × 7 days (arm 3). No dose-limiting toxicity, engraftment failure, or nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was seen in the first 100 days post-ASCT. Complete responses (CR) were seen in 12 of 48 patients (25%), with an overall response rate (ORR = CR + PR) of 85%. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 25 months; median overall survival (OS) has not yet been reached. There was no significant difference in CR, PFS, or OS among the 3 treatment arms, and no adverse effect of ATO on melphalan pharmacokinetics. Addition of ATO + AA to high-dose melphalan is safe and well tolerated as a preparative regimen for MM

Enhanced insulin sensitivity associated with provision of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle cells involves counter modulation of PP2A

International audienceAims/Hypothesis: Reduced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity is a feature associated with sustained exposure to excess saturated fatty acids (SFA), whereas mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA) not only improve insulin sensitivity but blunt SFA-induced insulin resistance. The mechanisms by which MUFAs and PUFAs institute these favourable changes remain unclear, but may involve stimulating insulin signalling by counter-modulation/repression of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). This study investigated the effects of oleic acid (OA; a MUFA), linoleic acid (LOA; a PUFA) and palmitate (PA; a SFA) in cultured myotubes and determined whether changes in insulin signalling can be attributed to PP2A regulation. Principal Findings: We treated cultured skeletal myotubes with unsaturated and saturated fatty acids and evaluated insulin signalling, phosphorylation and methylation status of the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Unlike PA, sustained incubation of rat or human myotubes with OA or LOA significantly enhanced Akt-and ERK1/2-directed insulin signalling. This was not due to heightened upstream IRS1 or PI3K signalling nor to changes in expression of proteins involved in proximal insulin signalling, but was associated with reduced dephosphorylation/inactivation of Akt and ERK1/2. Consistent with this, PA reduced PP2Ac demethylation and tyrosine 307 phosphorylation-events associated with PP2A activation. In contrast, OA and LOA strongly opposed these PA-induced changes in PP2Ac thus exerting a repressive effect on PP2A.Conclusions/Interpretation: Beneficial gains in insulin sensitivity and the ability of unsaturated fatty acids to oppose palmitate-induced insulin resistance in muscle cells may partly be accounted for by counter-modulation of PP2A

Overfishing Drives Over One-Third of All Sharks and Rays Toward a Global Extinction Crisis

The scale and drivers of marine biodiversity loss are being revealed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessment process. We present the first global reassessment of 1,199 species in Class Chondrichthyes-sharks, rays, and chimeras. The first global assessment (in 2014) concluded that one-quarter (24%) of species were threatened. Now, 391 (32.6%) species are threatened with extinction. When this percentage of threat is applied to Data Deficient species, more than one-third (37.5%) of chondrichthyans are estimated to be threatened, with much of this change resulting from new information. Three species are Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), representing possibly the first global marine fish extinctions due to overfishing. Consequently, the chondrichthyan extinction rate is potentially 25 extinctions per million species years, comparable to that of terrestrial vertebrates. Overfishing is the universal threat affecting all 391 threatened species and is the sole threat for 67.3% of species and interacts with three other threats for the remaining third: loss and degradation of habitat (31.2% of threatened species), climate change (10.2%), and pollution (6.9%). Species are disproportionately threatened in tropical and subtropical coastal waters. Science-based limits on fishing, effective marine protected areas, and approaches that reduce or eliminate fishing mortality are urgently needed to minimize mortality of threatened species and ensure sustainable catch and trade of others. Immediate action is essential to prevent further extinctions and protect the potential for food security and ecosystem functions provided by this iconic lineage of predators

Carcharhinus hemiodon Pondicherry Shark

The Pondicherry Shark (Carcharhinus hemiodon) is a small (to 102 cm total length) and very rare Indo- West Pacific whaler shark. It has a wide historic range from Oman to southern China, but known records are scattered, and it has only been reliably verified from a handful of countries. It appears to occur in shallow coastal waters, and has also been reported to enter rivers, although this has not been verified. The contemporary range of this species is poorly defined and museum specimens were collected pre- 1960. There are reports from 1979, the 1990s, and 2000, but none of these could be verified. Its identification is problematic, and it is easily confused with a number of other Carcharhinus species (for example, recent putative records from Sri Lanka)