Kupfer- und andere Schwermetalle in Hopfen- und Weinbergsböden und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Bodenzönose

Copper and other heavy metals in hop and vineyard soils and their effects on soil coenosisZusammenfassungHintergrund des Projektes sind Forderungen der EU, verlässliche Daten über das Ausmaß der Kupferbelastung in Sonderkulturböden zu generieren, um über eine weitere Zulassung kupferhaltiger Pflanzenschutzmittel im ökologischen Landbau zu entscheiden. Bei der Beprobung von 85 Reb- und 13 Hopfenlagen an konventionell und ökologisch bewirtschafteten Standorten wurden 2522 Einzelbodenproben von Prüf-, Referenz- (Brachen, wo früher Kupfer angewendet wurde) und Kontrollflächen, ohne anthropogen zugeführtes Kupfer zur Analyse der Kupfer-Gesamtgehalte im Königwasserextrakt und der pflanzenverfügbaren Kupfergehalte im NH4NO3-Extrakt entnommen. Zusätzlich wurden Bodenparameter wie pH-Wert, C/N-Verhältnis, Bodenart etc. untersucht. Die Korrelation zwischen pflanzenverfügbaren und Gesamtkupfergehalten ist nicht sehr hoch, eventuell wegen der Vielzahl an Einfluss nehmenden Faktoren wie z.B. unterschiedliche Bodenparameter oder Kulturmaßnahmen. Ein aktuell laufendes Regenwurmmonitoring soll Aufschluss über mögliche Schädigungen des Bodenlebens geben. Stichwörter: pflanzenverfügbares Kupfer, Sonderkulturen, Wein, Hopfen, Schwermetallanalyse, Risikoabschätzung, MonitoringAbstractBackground of the project are claims of the EU regulation to generate reliable data considering the extent of copper contaminations in soils of specialized crops in order to decide about copper restrictions in organic farming. 2522 single soil samples were collected on 85 vineyard and 13 hop areas with different management histories. Samples were taken from sites presently under cultivation, formerly cultivated sites and sites without anthropogenic copper contamination as control, indicating natural background values. In addition to Aqua Regia extraction for determining total copper contents, plant available copper contents were analyzed in NH4NO3 extraction. Soil parameters as pH-value, C/N ratio, soil type etc. were also analyzed. The correlation between plant available and total copper contents is not very high probably due to the broad range of relevant values e.g. soil parameters or cultivation measurements. An ongoing biological survey about the present status of earthworm populations will give information about possible impairments of soil coenosis.Keywords: plant available copper, specialized crops, vine, hop, heavy metal analysis, risk assessment, monitorin

Plantar calcaneal spurs in older people: longitudinal traction or vertical compression?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Plantar calcaneal spurs are common, however their pathophysiology is poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and correlates of plantar calcaneal spurs in a large sample of older people.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Weightbearing lateral foot radiographs of 216 people (140 women and 76 men) aged 62 to 94 years (mean age 75.9, <smcaps>SD</smcaps> 6.6) were examined for plantar calcaneal and Achilles tendon spurs. Associations between the presence of spurs and sex, body mass index, radiographic measures of foot posture, self-reported co-morbidities and current or previous heel pain were then explored.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 216 participants, 119 (55%) had at least one plantar calcaneal spur and 103 (48%) had at least one Achilles tendon spur. Those with plantar calcaneal spurs were more likely to have Achilles tendon spurs (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 3.5). Prevalence of spurs did not differ according to sex. Participants with plantar calcaneal spurs were more likely to be obese (OR = 7.9, 95% CI 3.6 to 17.0), report osteoarthritis (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.6 to 4.8) and have current or previous heel pain (OR = 4.6, 95% CI 2.3 to 9.4). No relationship was found between the presence of calcaneal spurs and radiographic measures of foot posture.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Calcaneal spurs are common in older men and women and are related to obesity, osteoarthritis and current or previous heel pain, but are unrelated to radiographic measurements of foot posture. These findings support the theory that plantar calcaneal spurs may be an adaptive response to vertical compression of the heel rather than longitudinal traction at the calcaneal enthesis.</p

Importância das radiografias de seio frontal para a identificação humana Importance of frontal sinus radiographs for human identification

7479