Comment élaborer un environnement interactif adapté à la formation par le projet ? Étude d'un processus de conception

International audienceAujourd'hui, la formation ouverte et à distance (FOAD), dans l'enseignement supérieur en France, a dépassé le stade des projets et des expérimentations pilotes. On parle de campus numérique, de plate-forme de formation à distance, de LCMS, de générateur de documents hypermédias, etc. En ce sens, les ingénieries et recherches, dans le domaine, semblent s'attacher prioritairement à des questions de médiatisation de contenus, de production standardisée, d'indexation normée par des méta-données en vue de leur ré-exploitation et/ou mutualisation. Comme si les problématiques de contenus étaient premières au regard de celles des relations de formation. D'autres travaux, comme ceux sur l'apprentissage coopératif et le travail collaboratif (Bourguin et al., 2002), mettent cependant l'accent sur l'instrumentation des relations et interactions sociales et cognitives des acteurs de la formation. C'est dans une perspective proche, bien qu'un peu différente, que s'inscrivent nos travaux, qui cherchent à articuler pratiques de travail et de recherche, par la modélisation d'instruments et de dispositifs, développés à partir de situations concrètes de travail. Notre démarche a consisté, en premier lieu, à conduire un processus d'ingénierie en réponse à une commande d'instrumentation d'un dispositif de formation existant. L'analyse de cette demande, la prise en compte de son contexte et le processus de conception lui-même ont permis de travailler sur une triple problématique : pédagogique, économique, technologique. Ce processus d'ingénierie a débouché sur la construction d'un dispositif, intitulé Appui et la mise au point d'une plate-forme, visant à prendre en compte cette problématique. Les usages du dispositif et leur réinterrogation nous ont permis, en second lieu, d'envisager, de façon plus générale, une modélisation de l'accompagnement de projet à distance à partir du système de représentation des actions et interactions, intégré dans le dispositif. En conclusion de l'article, nous situerons les limites du modèle élaboré, en questionnant les conditions de sa reproductibilité

Religion and Spirituality: How Clinicians in Quebec and Geneva Cope with the Issue When Faced with Patients Suffering from Chronic Psychosis

Spirituality and religion have been found to be important in the lives of many people suffering from severe mental disorders, but it has been claimed that clinicians "neglect” their patients' religious issues. In Geneva, Switzerland and Trois-Rivières, Quebec, 221 outpatients and their 57 clinicians were selected for an assessment of religion and spirituality. A majority of the patients reported that religion was an important aspect of their lives. Many clinicians were unaware of their patients' religious involvement, even if they reported feeling comfortable with the issue. Both areas displayed strikingly similar results, which supports their generalizatio

Evolution of spirituality and religiousness in chronic schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders: a 3-years follow-up study

Purpose: Spirituality and religiousness have been shown to be highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia. Religion can help instil a positive sense of self, decrease the impact of symptoms and provide social contacts. Religion may also be a source of suffering. In this context, this research explores whether religion remains stable over time. Methods: From an initial cohort of 115 out-patients, 80% completed the 3-years follow-up assessment. In order to study the evolution over time, a hierarchical cluster analysis using average linkage was performed on factorial scores at baseline and follow-up and their differences. A sensitivity analysis was secondarily performed to check if the outcome was influenced by other factors such as changes in mental states using mixed models. Results: Religion was stable over time for 63% patients; positive changes occurred for 20% (i.e., significant increase of religion as a resource or a transformation of negative religion to a positive one) and negative changes for 17% (i.e., decrease of religion as a resource or a transformation of positive religion to a negative one). Change in spirituality and/or religiousness was not associated with social or clinical status, but with reduced subjective quality of life and self-esteem; even after controlling for the influence of age, gender, quality of life and clinical factors at baseline. Conclusions: In this context of patients with chronic schizophrenia, religion appeared to be labile. Qualitative analyses showed that those changes expressed the struggles of patients and suggest that religious issues need to be discussed in clinical setting

Attachment and coping in psychosis in relation to spiritual figures

Background: Studies have found higher levels of insecure attachment in individuals with schizophrenia. Attachment theory provides a framework necessary for conceptualizing the development of interpersonal functioning. Some aspects of the attachment of the believer to his/her spiritual figure are similar to those between the child and his/her parents. The correspondence hypothesis suggests that early child-parent interactions correspond to a person's relation to a spiritual figure. The compensation hypothesis suggests that an insecure attachment history would lead to a strong religiousness/spirituality as a compensation for the lack of felt security. The aim of this study is to explore attachment models in psychosis vs. healthy controls, the relationships between attachment and psychopathology and the attachment processes related to spiritual figures. Methods: Attachment models were measured in 30 patients with psychosis and 18 controls with the AAI (Adult Attachment interview) in relationship with psychopathology. Beliefs and practices related to a spiritual figure were investigated by qualitative and quantitative analyses. Results: Patients with psychosis showed a high prevalence of insecure avoidant attachment. Spiritual entities functioned like attachment figures in two thirds of cases. Interviews revealed the transformation of internal working models within relation to a spiritual figure: a compensation process was found in 7 of the 32 subjects who showed a significant attachment to a spiritual figure. Conclusions: Attachment theory allows us to highlight one of the underlying dimensions of spiritual coping in patients with psychosis

L'écrivain et la langue : dialogue et polyphonie dans l'œuvre de quelques auteurs romands du XXe siècle

Rieben Pierre-André. L'écrivain et la langue : dialogue et polyphonie dans l'œuvre de quelques auteurs romands du XXe siècle. In: Cahiers de l'Association internationale des études francaises, 2001, n°53. pp. 111-127

Centro interprofesional en Ginebra Suiza

This office block for professionals has been built on a site facing three streets, and there is a height difference of more than ten meters between the highest and lowest points of the ground. There is a diaphanous space and garden on the ground floor. A module of 1.65 m has been adopted. The interior partitions are all moveable and easily adaptable to various multiples of the basic module, to suit particular and changing requirements.<br><br>Ha sido erigido este edificio de despachos para profesionales sobre una parcela, lindante con tres calles, que presenta un desnivel de alrededor de 10 m entre el punto más alto y más bajo de la misma. El inmueble se alza dejando una planta baja, diáfana, y creando una plaza ajardinada. El módulo empleado ha sido el de 1,65 metros. Las divisiones interiores son movibles y fácilmente adaptables a la retícula establecida, según necesidades de cada momento

Centro interprofesional en Ginebra Suiza

This office block for professionals has been built on a site facing three streets, and there is a height difference of more than ten meters between the highest and lowest points of the ground. There is a diaphanous space and garden on the ground floor. A module of 1.65 m has been adopted. The interior partitions are all moveable and easily adaptable to various multiples of the basic module, to suit particular and changing requirements.Ha sido erigido este edificio de despachos para profesionales sobre una parcela, lindante con tres calles, que presenta un desnivel de alrededor de 10 m entre el punto más alto y más bajo de la misma. El inmueble se alza dejando una planta baja, diáfana, y creando una plaza ajardinada. El módulo empleado ha sido el de 1,65 metros. Las divisiones interiores son movibles y fácilmente adaptables a la retícula establecida, según necesidades de cada momento

Religion and spirituality: how clinicians in quebec and geneva cope with the issue when faced with patients suffering from chronic psychosis

Spirituality and religion have been found to be important in the lives of many people suffering from severe mental disorders, but it has been claimed that clinicians "neglect" their patients' religious issues. In Geneva, Switzerland and Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, 221 outpatients and their 57 clinicians were selected for an assessment of religion and spirituality. A majority of the patients reported that religion was an important aspect of their lives. Many clinicians were unaware of their patients' religious involvement, even if they reported feeling comfortable with the issue. Both areas displayed strikingly similar results, which supports their generalization

Spirituality and religiousness as predictive factors of outcome in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorders

Spirituality and religiousness have been shown to be highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia. This study assesses the predictive value of helpful vs. harmful use of religion to cope with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder at 3 years. From an initial cohort of 115 outpatients, 80% were reassessed for positive, negative and general symptoms, clinical global impression, social adaptation and quality of life. For patients with helpful religion at baseline, the importance of spirituality was predictive of fewer negative symptoms, better clinical global impression, social functioning and quality of life. The frequencies of religious practices in community and support from religious community had no effect on outcome. For patients with harmful religion at baseline, no relationships were elicited. This result may be due to sample size. Indeed, helpful spiritual/religious coping concerns 83% of patients, whereas harmful spiritual/religious coping concerns only 14% of patients. Our study shows that helpful use of spirituality is predictive of a better outcome. Spirituality may facilitate recovery by providing resources for coping with symptoms. In some cases, however, spirituality and religiousness are a source of suffering. Helpful vs. harmful spiritual/religious coping appears to be of clinical significance