The effect of anthropogenic nutrient addition on the growth and competitive abilities of selected lichen species

The effects of anthropogenic nutrient addition and species combination on the growth and competitive abilities of four widespread foliose lichens was investigated using two replicated factorial nutrient addition experiments conducted in conjunction with field studies. The first was carried out on thallus fragments of P. caperata (Pc), P. saxatilis (Ps) and X. parietina (Xp) transplanted onto a saxicolous substrate (roofing slate). Thallus growth rates were dependent on lichen species (F=12.76; PPCompetition (number of thallus overlaps) was also dependent on both lichen species (F=5.62; PIn the second transplant experiment using P. caperata and P. reddenda (Pr), growth rates were again dependent on lichen species (F=8.31; PIn the second transplant experiment using P. caperata and P. reddenda (Pr), growth rates were again dependent on lichen species (F=8.31; PBoth species exhibited symmetrical competition under experimentally elevated nutrient conditions. Field studies suggest asymmetrical competition occurs between P. caperata & X. parietina (Pc—>Xp) where no experimentally elevated nutrient conditions exist. However, competition between P. caperata & P. saxatilis and P. saxatilis & X. parietina remains symmetrical (PcPs; PsXp). On beech, under conditions of no experimentally elevated nutrients, competition between P. reddenda and P. caperata was symmetrical (Pr—>Pc). Furthermore there is evidence to suggest niche separation occurs between these two species and that this becomes less important under conditions of nutrient enhancement. These results suggest elevated nutrient levels alter growth rate and competition which affect lichen community structure

Elasticity and Hegemony: A Brief History of Addiction Narrative in the Postwar United States

The 20th century has demonstrated a great diversity of thought when it comes to defining addiction: a phenomenon that has been supposed to be everything from a chronic brain disease to a moral failing. Given that range, literary studies of addiction are often led to define addiction in narrow ways rather than examine the dynamic character of addiction over time. While previous works offer insight into specific forms of addiction at specific times, there is currently no study in literary and cultural studies that addresses the ongoing history of addictions meaning(s) in detail. Building on the work of scholars from diverse fieldsincluding cultural studies, literary theory, Marxism, psychoanalysis, the social sciences, medical science and public policythe following dissertation proposes a novel methodology for examining addiction literature that is not limited to any single perspective. Its analysis proceeds by way of what I call addictive realism: a combination of social, historical, chemical, and aesthetic forces that work in tandem to produce plausible, compelling and engaging versions of addiction. Every narrative renders addiction according to certain conventionsplot, character, conflict, climax, conclusion, etc.and in so doing creates a stylized, edited, selected version of something real. Broadly, the work of this dissertation attempts to understand those styles historically, as they adapt and mutate given new ideological and aesthetic paradigms. Put simply, this dissertation attempts to understand the why of how America has told the story of addiction. It examines cultural works dating from roughly 1950, focusing largely on heroin memoirs and novels. Each chapter sets up a dynamic analysis between at least two literary texts, examining them in light of key political, social, and scientific paradigms relevant to their publication and reception. Ultimately, it elucidates several key dynamics that are common to literary productions of addiction in America, finding that literature has had a unique influence on the ongoing history of addictive thought. Due to narratives ability to capture and transmit the first-hand experience of users in a meaningful way, it has been, and continues to be, a valuable compliment and counterpoint to political, philosophical, and empirical theories of addiction

Volume 09, Number 02

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Volume 08, Number 01

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Volume 09, Number 01

Full text of Volume 09, Number 01 of Reaching Through Teaching.https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/rtt/1024/thumbnail.jp

Volume 08, Number 02

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Volume 07, Number 03

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Volume 07, Number 02

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Fluorine

Considering the long time in which fluorine compounds have been used it seems rather surprising that it was not isolated as an element until 1886. This long delay was not due to lack of effort, but to the reactivity of fluorine and the hazards of working with it and many of its compounds