Nachrüstlösungen zur Emissionsminderung dezentral entlüfteter Stallungen zur Schweinemast

Zwei alternative, nachrüstbare Verfahren zur Emissionsminderung wurden in quasikontinuierlichen Langzeitmessungen hinsichtlich ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit zur Minderung von Staub und Ammoniak in zwei unterschiedlichen Stallungen zur Schweinemast über eine Mastperiode hinweg untersucht. Dabei wurden die Staubkonzentration mit Hilfe eines Streulichtspektrometers und die Ammoniak-Konzentration photoakustisch bestimmt. Beim „Umluftsystem“ wurde die Stallluft eines Abteils von 515 Tieren durch zwei identische Sprühwäscher dauerhaft im Kreislauf geführt. Die Wäscher arbeiteten dabei zur verbesserten Ammoniakabscheidung mit verdünnten Säuren. Es konnte durch die Langzeitmessungen eine Verminderung der Quellstärke von Gesamtstaub um 54 % und von PM10-Staub um 51 % gegenüber der Referenz nachgewiesen werden. Die Quellstärke von Ammoniak nahm um 34 % ab. Dabei reduzierten sich die Innenraumkonzentrationen von Gesamtstaub um 63 %, von PM10-Staub um 60 % und von Ammoniak um 46 %. Beim „Sprühsystem“ wurde eine Ölgemisch-Wasser-Emulsion unter Hochdruck flächig im Stall vernebelt. Dabei war das Ölgemisch zur Hemmung bzw. Minderung der Bakterien und Viren der Stallluft eine Mischung aus verschiedenen ätherischen Ölen und einem Trägeröl. Durch die zyklische Ausbringung (jede halbe Stunde) dieser Emulsion im Abteil 1 des Maststalles wurde eine quasikontinuierliche Reinigung der Stallluft dieses Abteils erreicht. Die Langzeitmessungen zeigten gegenüber dem Referenzabteil (Abteil 2) eine Verminderung der Quellstärken für Gesamtstaub um 68 %, für PM10-Staub um 65 % und für Ammoniak um 28 %. Dabei waren die Innenraumkonzentrationen im behandelten Abteil für Gesamtstaub um 59 %, für PM10-Staub um 54 % und für Ammoniak um 16 % geringer. Im Falle des Sprühsystems wurden veterinärmedizinische Stichproben-Untersuchungen der Lungen der Mastschweine vorgenommen und die Lungenbefunde des Schlachthofs nahezu aller Tiere des Stalles aufgenommen. Es konnte kein negativer Einfluss der Ölgemisch-Aerosole auf die Lungen der Schweine festgestellt werden. Luftkeimsammlungen ergaben darüber hinaus eine um 58 % verminderte Innenraumkonzentration an luftgetragenen Schimmelpilzsporen und eine um 14 % verminderte Innenraumkonzentration an luftgetragenen Bakterien im behandelten Abteil.Solutions for emissions reduction to retrofit in/on a decentral ventilated pig barn Two alternative technical solutions for emissions reduction of a decentral ventilated pig barn have been observed. The systems have been evaluated by measuring their capability to reduce the emissions of dust and ammonia. Therefore, almost continuous dust concentration measurements have been conducted using a laser particle counter and ammonia has been almost continuously measured using a photoacoustic gas-monitor over the fattening period of the pigs. The mass flows per livestock weight have been calculated. One pig barn with 515 pigs has been equipped with two gas scrubbers recirculating the air inside the building. For better ammonia-reduction the scrubbers worked with low concentrated acids. The measurements over a three months period indicated that emissions can be reduced on average by 54 % for total dust, by 51% for PM10-dust (particles with a diameter less than 10 µm) and by 34 % for ammonia – compared with a reference pig barn (same building, different compartment; ceteris paribus conditions). Indoor concentrations have been reduced on average by 63 % for total dust, by 60 % for PM10-dust and by 46 % for ammonia. A second pig barn (different building) has been equipped with an aerosol application unit distributing an oilmixture-water-emulsion under high pressure within the building and producing a very fine oil film on all surfaces. The oilmixture contained different types of essential oils (to reduce airborne germs and fungi) and a carrier oil. By operating the aerosol application unit every 30 minutes, it was possible to obtain an almost continuous indoor air treatment within the barn. In comparison with the reference pig barn (same building, different compartment; ceteris paribus conditions) an average emissions reduction of 68 % for total dust, of 65 % for PM10-dust and of 28 % for ammonia was observed during the fattening period. Indoor concentrations were reduced on average by 59 % for total dust, by 54 % for PM10-dust and by 16 % for ammonia. Regarding the trials with the aerosol application unit randomly selected pig lungs have been examined by a veterinarian. No effects on the pig lungs through steadily inhalation of the oil-aerosols were examined. Sampling of airborne germs in the treated compartment indicated a reduced concentration of 14 % compared with the reference compartment. Concentrations of airborne fungi were about 58 % lower

Snake‐Inspired, Nano‐Stepped Surface with Tunable Frictional Anisotropy Made from a Shape‐Memory Polymer for Unidirectional Transport of Microparticles

The ventral scales of many snake species are decorated with oriented micro‐fibril structures featuring nano‐steps to achieve anisotropic friction for efficient locomotion. Here, a nano‐stepped surface with tunable frictional anisotropy inspired by this natural structure is presented. It is fabricated by replicating the micro‐fibril structure of the ventral scales of the Chinese cobra (Naja atra) into a thermo‐responsive shape‐memory polymer via hot embossing. The resulting smart surface transfers from a flat topography to a predefined structure of nano‐steps upon heating. During this recovery process, the nano‐steps grow out of the surfaces resulting in a surface with frictional anisotropy, which is characterized in situ by an atomic force microscopy. The desired frictional anisotropy can be customized by stopping the heating process before full recovery. The nano‐stepped surface is employed for the unidirectional transport of microscale particles through small random vibrations. Due to the frictional anisotropy, the microspheres drift unidirectionally (down the nano‐steps). Finally, dry self‐cleaning is demonstrated by the transportation of a pile of microparticles

No advantage for remembering horizontal over vertical spatial locations learned from a single viewpoint

Previous behavioral and neurophysiological research has shown better memory for horizontal than for vertical locations. In these studies, participants navigated toward these locations. In the present study we investigated whether the orientation of the spatial plane per se was responsible for this difference. We thus had participants learn locations visually from a single perspective and retrieve them from multiple viewpoints. In three experiments, participants studied colored tags on a horizontally or vertically oriented board within a virtual room and recalled these locations with different layout orientations (Exp. 1) or from different room-based perspectives (Exps. 2 and 3). All experiments revealed evidence for equal recall performance in horizontal and vertical memory. In addition, the patterns for recall from different test orientations were rather similar. Consequently, our results suggest that memory is qualitatively similar for both vertical and horizontal two-dimensional locations, given that these locations are learned from a single viewpoint. Thus, prior differences in spatial memory may have originated from the structure of the space or the fact that participants navigated through it. Additionally, the strong performance advantages for perspective shifts (Exps. 2 and 3) relative to layout rotations (Exp. 1) suggest that configurational judgments are not only based on memory of the relations between target objects, but also encompass the relations between target objects and the surrounding room—for example, in the form of a memorized view

Diagnostic criteria and symptom grading for delayed gastric conduit emptying after esophagectomy for cancer: international expert consensus based on a modified Delphi process

Delayed gastric conduit emptying (DGCE) after esophagectomy for cancer is associated with adverse outcomes and troubling symptoms. Widely accepted diagnostic criteria and a symptom grading tool for DGCE are missing. This hampers the interpretation and comparison of studies. A modified Delphi process, using repeated web-based questionnaires, combined with live interim group discussions was conducted by 33 experts within the field, from Europe, North America, and Asia. DGCE was divided into early DGCE if present within 14 days of surgery and late if present later than 14 days after surgery. The final criteria for early DGCE, accepted by 25 of 27 (93%) experts, were as follows: >500 mL diurnal nasogastric tube output measured on the morning of postoperative day 5 or later or >100% increased gastric tube width on frontal chest x-ray projection together with the presence of an air-fluid level. The final criteria for late DGCE accepted by 89% of the experts were as follows: the patient should have 'quite a bit' or 'very much' of at least two of the following symptoms; early satiety/fullness, vomiting, nausea, regurgitation or inability to meet caloric need by oral intake and delayed contrast passage on upper gastrointestinal water-soluble contrast radiogram or on timed barium swallow. A symptom grading tool for late DGCE was constructed grading each symptom as: 'not at all', 'a little', 'quite a bit', or 'very much', generating 0, 1, 2, or 3 points, respectively. For the five symptoms retained in the diagnostic criteria for late DGCE, the minimum score would be 0, and the maximum score would be 15. The final symptom grading tool for late DGCE was accepted by 27 of 31 (87%) experts. For the first time, diagnostic criteria for early and late DGCE and a symptom grading tool for late DGCE are available, based on an international expert consensus process

Host preferences and differential contributions of deciduous tree species shape mycorrhizal species richness in a mixed Central European forest

Mycorrhizal species richness and host ranges were investigated in mixed deciduous stands composed of Fagus sylvatica, Tilia spp., Carpinus betulus, Acer spp., and Fraxinus excelsior. Acer and Fraxinus were colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizas and contributed 5% to total stand mycorrhizal fungal species richness. Tilia hosted similar and Carpinus half the number of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal taxa compared with Fagus (75 putative taxa). The relative abundance of the host tree the EM fungal richness decreased in the order Fagus > Tilia >> Carpinus. After correction for similar sampling intensities, EM fungal species richness of Carpinus was still about 30–40% lower than that of Fagus and Tilia. About 10% of the mycorrhizal species were shared among the EM forming trees; 29% were associated with two host tree species and 61% with only one of the hosts. The latter group consisted mainly of rare EM fungal species colonizing about 20% of the root tips and included known specialists but also putative non-host associations such as conifer or shrub mycorrhizas. Our data indicate that EM fungal species richness was associated with tree identity and suggest that Fagus secures EM fungal diversity in an ecosystem since it shared more common EM fungi with Tilia and Carpinus than the latter two among each other

Über die Beziehungen zwischen Psoriasis und Asthma

ÜBER DIE BEZIEHUNGEN ZWISCHEN PSORIASIS UND ASTHMA Über die Beziehungen zwischen Psoriasis und Asthma ([1]) Binding ( - ) Title page ([1]) Dedication ([3]) Chapter ([5]) Section (29) Vita. (30) Binding ( -

Gazette de Bayonne, de Biarritz et du Pays basque

20 février 19351935/02/20 (A44,N8213).Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Aquit

URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32556 [http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32556] Table of contents Abstract.................................................................................................................................9

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