Rotenone selectively occludes sensitivity to hypoxia in rat carotid body glomus cells

Carotid body glomus cells release transmitters in response to hypoxia due to the increase of excitability resulting from inhibition of O2 -regulated K+ channels. However, the mechanisms involved in the detection of changes of O2 tension are unknown. We have studied the interaction between glomus cell O2 sensitivity and inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) in a carotid body thin slice preparation in which catecholamine release from intact single glomus cells can be monitored by amperometry. Inhibition of the mitochondrial ETC at proximal and distal complexes induces external Ca2+-dependent catecholamine secretion. At saturating concentration of the ETC inhibitors, the cellular response to hypoxia is maintained. However, rotenone, a complex I blocker, selectively occludes the responsiveness to hypoxia of glomus cells in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of rotenone is mimicked by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion(MPP+), an agent that binds to the same site as rotenone, but not by complex I inhibitors acting on different sites. In addition, the effect of rotenone is not prevented by incubation of the cells with succinate, a substrate of complex II. These data strongly suggest that sensitivity to hypoxia of carotid body glomus cells is not linked in a simple way to mitochondrial electron flow and that a rotenone (and MPP+)-sensitive molecule critically participates in acute oxygen sensing in the carotid body.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología 1FD97–161

Cuando la ciudad tiene imagen. Cronología del traslado de la ciudad de Guatemala. 1773 - 1776

The content of the paper poses the constraints on the proposal of the urban design of the new city of Guatemala, based on the doctoral research that exposes the opportunity that the political system had to carry out a socioeconomic restructuring, from the transfer of the city to a new territory.In the eighteenth century, the city of Santiago was the third most important city in Spanish America; The bastion of power and the fundamental center of the Kingdom of Guatemala. The system of government instituted after the conquest was governed by the Monarchy, with a local government and a social and ecclesiastical structure that exerted a control and control over the indigenous population for the generation of wealth.The dynamics of the city was the reflection of the political system itself. The grid pattern of the colonial cities in America was the basis for the distribution of the social fabric. In the center, the square was the fundamental piece of all population nucleus and, being located around this one, the main factories of the authorities of government, city council and religious. The social pyramid was dispersed around this center of power and conformed by families favored by the Crown at the time of the conquest. Most powerful classes had their residence in it, a convenient place for economic and administrative activities.The earthquakes of 1773 that destroyed Guatemala city, located in the Panchoy Valley, now La Antigua Guatemala, originated the later transfer of this one in 1776, providing a new urban landscape in the place destined for its new settlement, Ermita valleye. The choice of the site for the transfer of the city and the same action was the subject of great debates between the local, municipal and religious imperial authorities that put the citizens in check. The decision to make the transfer to the Ermita valley not only resulted in the reorganization of political and social classes, but the possibility of reestablishing a tax order. In the midst of the great controversy and outcome of the events, the Neoclassical made way for the opportunity to emerge from the foundations of the factories as the predominant style, leaving the Guatemalan baroque to one side. For many urban planners, the laws proposed by King Carlos III outlined the urban silhouette of the city that sympathized with Enlightenment thinking, but beyond that the city was actually designed on the basis of the Ordinances of 1573 by Philip II . Thus, in addition to this criterion, the style itself was accompanied by a series of urbanistic details typical of the valley, which proposed a sober landscape that would develop at the end of the eighteenth century and the whole of the nineteenth century. The plan of the new city of Guatemala carried out by the Major Architect of the Crown, Marcos Ibáñez, forms a series of transformations on the great chessboard, traditional of the American cities, but modified according to the necessary conditions and that in the work Concludes as "opportunities". The layout of squares, temples and apples formed the ideal city for the political system, and its design was preconceived to optimize the experiences of its predecessor. The topography of the valley projected the solution of the floods and drains; The predisposition of apples and large temples would promote the health necessary for the population and the layout of the squares for was the need to strengthen the potable water service. All these conditions forged the Guatemalan urban horizon that proposed a picturesque landscape

Conceptualización y diseño de vehículos fluviales y criaturas marinas para las tres razas principales en el universo gráfico y narrativo de StarCraft

Los medios fluviales, no explorados en el universo de StarCraft, pueden representar un punto de partida para enriquecer la narrativa y contenido gráfico. Por este motivo se plantea la conceptualización y diseño de vehículos fluviales y criaturas marinas para las tres razas principales del juego, con el fin de desarrollar nuevas historias y acontecimientos para lograr un enriquecimiento de StarCraft. El propósito fundamental de este proyecto es comprobar sí estos diseños pueden enriquecer la historia, entendiendo este concepto como identificar elementos que presenten alguna oportunidad de mejora dentro de StarCraft. Para el desarrollo de esta propuesta se plantea el uso de la metodología de investigación+creación propuesta por Antonio Stalin, con el fin de darle una respuesta gráfica a estos diseños mediante un objeto creativo. Para lograr enriquecer la narrativa, se realiza una investigación exploratoria sobre los conceptos relacionados con el enriquecimiento de una narrativa en diferentes ámbitos, desde el punto de vista literario, dentro del videojuego, storytelling y narrativas transmedia. Para cerciorarse que responden a un enriquecimiento se plantea ejecutar una serie de entrevistas no estructuradas a expertos con un alto conocimiento del juego. Como resultado, se logran identificar una serie de ítems que permiten enriquecer la narrativa, agregando nuevos relatos relacionados con los vehículos diseñados, cambiando los entornos, tiempos y personajes. Esto permite generar nuevos acontecimientos situados en locaciones e iniciativas diferentes, generando nuevo contenido para los jugadores y lectores, enriqueciendo la narrativa por medio de la ramificación de la historia lineal que seguían los relatos de StarCraft.PregradoDiseñador Industria

Systematic perturbation calculation of integrals with applications to physics

In this paper we generalize and improve a method for calculating the period of a classical oscillator and other integrals of physical interest, which was recently developed by some of the authors. We derive analytical expressions that prove to be more accurate than those commonly found in the literature, and test the convergence of the series produced by the approach.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

Presupuestos participativos como herramienta de consolidación democrática

Se analiza la importancia de la participación de los ciudadanos en la elaboración, aprobación y evaluación de los presupuestos de egresos, en especial de los gobiernos locales, ya que en ellos se especifica la cantidad y destino del gasto público que será utilizado cada año por las dependencias municipales. Autores como Benjamin Goldfrank (2006) sostienen, que el presupuesto participativo puede conseguir muchos de los objetivos de la profundización de la democracia, por lo que se presenta a ésta herramienta como un mecanismo que facilita la participación de los ciudadanos en éste importante ámbito. Así mismo, se analizan dos ejemplos de presupuesto participativo que se han implementado en los municipios de Santa Catarina y San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México

Business plan for the creation of an educational platform for people with a business idea or undertakings of less than one year in Bogotá

Colombia es un país emprendedor por naturaleza teniendo en cuenta que casi el 50% de la población vive en la informalidad según cifras oficiales del DANE. Adicionalmente, el país es una cuna de ideas geniales de las cuales mueren muchas debido a la falta de experiencia y/o conocimientos por parte de los emprendedores. Los valientes que han logrado sacar empresas a flote en Colombia, han tenido que enfrentarse a situaciones de tipo mercadológico, financiero y hasta crisis personales que en algún momento pusieron en riesgo su proyecto de vida, pero al final supieron abordarlo adecuadamente y sobrevivir. Son precisamente estas experiencias, las que este plan de negocio: GroWing Colombia quiere llevar al nuevo emprendedor con el fin de evitarle algunos de esos pasos del proceso a través de una plataforma que contará con material audiovisual con alto nivel de calidad que ha sido creado para inspirar. A lo largo de este proyecto de grado se evalúa la viabilidad del negocio a través de un estudio de mercado realizado con una muestra del mercado potencial, en el que se evidencia la aceptación de la plataforma y adicionalmente, se establecen y definen estrategias de mercadeo, financieras y de gobierno corporativo, que aseguran la sostenibilidad del proyecto en el tiempo.Colombia is an entrepreneurial country by nature, considering that almost 50% of the population lives in informality according to official data from DANE. Additionally, this country is a cradle of great ideas, which many die due to lack of experience and uknowledge on the part of entrepreneurs. The brave people who have managed to get companies afloat in Colombia have had to face marketing and financial situations and even personal crises that at some point put their life project at risk, but in the end, they knew how to deal with it properly and survive. It is precisely those experiences that this business plan: GroWing Colombia wants to bring to the new entrepreneur in order to avoid some of those steps in the process, through a platform that will have high-quality audiovisual material that has been created to inspire by its founders. Throughout this project, business viability is evaluated through a market research carried out with a sample of the potential market, in which the acceptance of the platform is evidenced and, additionally, corporate governance, marketing and financial strategies are established and defined by the way to ensure the sustainability of the project over time.Magíster en Mercadeo DigitalMaestrí

Nontangential limits and Fatou-type theorems on post-critically finite self-similar sets

In this paper we study the boundary limit properties of harmonic functions on $\mathbb R_+\times K$, the solutions $u(t,x)$ to the Poisson equation $$\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} + \Delta u = 0,$$ where $K$ is a p.c.f. set and $\Delta$ its Laplacian given by a regular harmonic structure. In particular, we prove the existence of nontangential limits of the corresponding Poisson integrals, and the analogous results of the classical Fatou theorems for bounded and nontangentially bounded harmonic functions.Comment: 22 page

Genotoxic evidences of glyphosate and chlorpyriphos on eisenia fetida coelomocytes

The organophosphorus herbicide glyphosate (GLY) and the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyriphos (CPF) are key pesticides in modern management cultures worldwide. Sublethal toxicity of the commercial herbicide formulation Roundup® and the insecticide formulation Terfos® were evaluated on Eisenia fetida coelomocytes exposed under in vivo and ex vivo laboratory conditions. Induction of DNA single-strand breaks evaluated by the single cell gel electrophoresis assay and coelomocyte viability as well as alterations in coelomocyte trophic indexes were employed as endpoints for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, respectively. Specimens were exposed at concentrations corresponding to recommended pesticide field application rate, and endpoints were evaluated after 7 and 14 days of treatment (in vivo exposure). In addition, coelomocytes were exposed to aqueous leachate of pesticide-contaminated soils during 1 h (ex vivo exposure). Earthworms exposed to Roundup® and Terfos® showed an increased frequency of DNA damage. Also, a decrease of coelomocyte viability and decrease of trophic indexes were observed in all treatments. The results demonstrate that either GLY- and CPF-based formulations exerted genotoxic as well as cytotoxic effects in coelomocytes of E. fetida exposed in vivo and ex vivo.Fil: Curieses, Silvana Patricia. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas. Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sáenz, María Elena. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas. Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Alberdi, José Luis. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas. Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Ricardo Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas. Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Larramendy, Marcelo Luis. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Di Marzio, Walter Dario. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas. Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin