The Rising Tide of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Journals: A Profound Shift in Research Landscape

Dear Editors, I found the content of your editorials to be highly intriguing [1,2]. Scientific journals are witnessing a growing prevalence of publications related to artificial intelligence (AI). Three letters to the editor were recently published in your journal [3-5]. The renowned journal Nature has dedicated approximately 25 publications solely to the subject of ChatGPT. Moreover, a quick search on Pubmed using the term "ChatGPT" yields around 900 articles, with the vast majority originating in 2023. These statistics underscore the substantial interest of the scientific community in this area. AI, especially the ChatGPT tool and the recent Bard, have faced criticism and been portrayed as significant adversaries of science. It is evident that many authors or researchers, who may not be well-versed in writing, can greatly benefit from these tools, as mentioned earlier. Without taking a contrarian stance, one should consider the potential advantages of such technologies for researchers in less privileged regions, where access to new technologies is limited, and local or regional challenges abound [6]. AI cannot be confounded with other technologies, as it specifically focuses on replicating human-like intelligence and decision-making processes, rather than simply automating tasks or improving performance based on data patterns. The translation into English poses challenges due to the dominance of English in worldwide publications, with over 95% of articles being published in this language, and even reaching 98% in some fields. Although this manuscript was partially translated using AI, it can still benefit researchers from non-native English regions. Even simple tasks like text editing can be problematic for researchers in underprivileged areas. AI can play a crucial role in the evolution of online lectures and classes, providing valuable support for African maxillofacial surgeons who lack the luxury of taking breaks from work to update their knowledge, as they may be the only available option [7]. One of the remarkable features of AI is its ability to discover knowledge gaps. The use of simple tools like reference organizers is rapidly evolving and can become automated or semi-automated through AI. However, we must carefully consider whether we should refrain from relying too heavily on AI in certain cases, as this could be seen as a significant regression. On the other hand, we must be cautious about freely allowing AI tools to circulate in scientific journals and books without proper regulation [8]. Currently, accurately identifying texts generated by AI is challenging, and their effectiveness remains relatively low, at less than 30%. This means that only about 30 out of every 100 texts can be confidently classified as AI-generated. The technology must advance further to increase detection accuracy or at least raise suspicion. Academic journals no longer view authors acknowledging artificial intelligence tools as co-authors in their research favorably. This is crucial to prevent certain unscrupulous individuals, such as "false prophets," charlatans, and flat-earthers, from infiltrating the realm of science, potentially impeding the progress of serious research conducted by professionals dedicated to advancing humanity through science. It is essential to keep in mind that AI does not generate anything novel. Human authors can not be fully substituted [9]. In research involving groundbreaking concepts, innovations, case reports, or technical notes, the use of AI tends to be less frequent due to its lack of capability in creating innovative outcomes. On the other hand, reviews, whether narrative, systematic, or scoping, are based on existing publications. To address potential fraudulent practices, editors, reviewers, and journals themselves should exercise greater vigilance and apply more stringent filters for this type of publication. An article from over a decade ago already discussed the professions most susceptible to replacement by computerization [10]. Maxillofacial surgeons, physicians, dentists, and psychologists are among the professions that are less likely to be displaced. This position can be attributed to the significant level of patient-professional interaction, the development of specific manual skills over time, and the ability to make adaptable decisions during procedures. These intricacies pose formidable challenges for AI to grasp, regardless of its level of advancement. We should maintain a composed yet vigilant stance at this juncture. Just as Portuguese navigators feared encountering serpents and sea monsters when they ventured into uncharted waters, the uncertainty and novelty of AI can evoke apprehension in us all. Nonetheless, we must embrace the benefits that AI can offer while imposing strict regulations and appropriate penalties to prevent any potential abuses carried out "in the name of science." Sincerely yours

Preditores da demanda de trabalho de enfermagem para idosos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva

The age of patients is a controversial issue in admission to intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to compare severity and nursing workload of elderly patients with 60-69, 70-79, and e"80 years of age and to identify predictors of nursing workload in elderly patients. A cross sectional study was performed with a sample of 71 elderly patients admitted to three ICU in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil from October to November 2004. Data were prospectively collected using Nursing Activities Score (NAS) and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). There was no significant difference in nursing workload among the elderly patients age subgroups (p=0.84). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the independent risk factors of high nursing workload were severity, age e"70 years, and to be a surgical ICU patient. Age as an isolated factor should not be discriminative for elderly patients admission to ICU.La edad de los pacientes es un factor polémico en las internaciones en UTI(s). El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la gravedad y la demanda de trabajo que tiene enfermería para atender ancianos, agrupados en diferentes intervalos de edad, en la UTI, e identificar los indicadores de la alta carga de trabajo de enfermería en esa población. Se realizó un estudio transversal en tres UTI(s) de hospitales del municipio de San Pablo, con una muestra de 71 ancianos admitidos entre octubre y noviembre de 2004. Para la prospección y recolección de los datos se utilizó Nursing Activities Score (NAS) y el Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). No se encontraron diferencias en la demanda de trabajo de enfermería entre ancianos, agrupados en diferentes intervalos de edad; y, los factores asociados a la alta carga de trabajo fueron la gravedad, la edad y el tipo de internación. La edad como un factor aislado no debe constituirse en un factor discriminante para la admisión de ancianos en las UTIs.A idade dos pacientes é fator controverso na internação em UTIs. Foi objetivo deste estudo comparar a gravidade e a demanda de trabalho de enfermagem entre idosos, de diferentes faixas etárias, na UTI, e identificar os preditores da alta carga de trabalho de enfermagem para essa população. Realizou-se estudo transversal em três UTIs de hospitais do município de São Paulo, com amostra de 71 idosos, admitidos entre outubro e novembro de 2004. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente utilizando-se o Nursing Activities Score (NAS) e o Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). Não houve diferença na demanda de trabalho de enfermagem para idosos de diferentes faixas etárias e os fatores associados à alta carga de trabalho foram a gravidade, a idade e o tipo de internação. A idade, como fator isolado, não deve ser discriminante para a admissão de idosos em UTI

Indicadores de la demanda de trabajo de enfermería para atender ancianos internados en una unidad de terapia intensiva

The age of patients is a controversial issue in admission to intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to compare severity and nursing workload of elderly patients with 60-69, 70-79, and e"80 years of age and to identify predictors of nursing workload in elderly patients. A cross sectional study was performed with a sample of 71 elderly patients admitted to three ICU in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil from October to November 2004. Data were prospectively collected using Nursing Activities Score (NAS) and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). There was no significant difference in nursing workload among the elderly patients age subgroups (p=0.84). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the independent risk factors of high nursing workload were severity, age e"70 years, and to be a surgical ICU patient. Age as an isolated factor should not be discriminative for elderly patients admission to ICU.La edad de los pacientes es un factor polémico en las internaciones en UTI(s). El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la gravedad y la demanda de trabajo que tiene enfermería para atender ancianos, agrupados en diferentes intervalos de edad, en la UTI, e identificar los indicadores de la alta carga de trabajo de enfermería en esa población. Se realizó un estudio transversal en tres UTI(s) de hospitales del municipio de San Pablo, con una muestra de 71 ancianos admitidos entre octubre y noviembre de 2004. Para la prospección y recolección de los datos se utilizó Nursing Activities Score (NAS) y el Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). No se encontraron diferencias en la demanda de trabajo de enfermería entre ancianos, agrupados en diferentes intervalos de edad; y, los factores asociados a la alta carga de trabajo fueron la gravedad, la edad y el tipo de internación. La edad como un factor aislado no debe constituirse en un factor discriminante para la admisión de ancianos en las UTIs.A idade dos pacientes é fator controverso na internação em UTIs. Foi objetivo deste estudo comparar a gravidade e a demanda de trabalho de enfermagem entre idosos, de diferentes faixas etárias, na UTI, e identificar os preditores da alta carga de trabalho de enfermagem para essa população. Realizou-se estudo transversal em três UTIs de hospitais do município de São Paulo, com amostra de 71 idosos, admitidos entre outubro e novembro de 2004. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente utilizando-se o Nursing Activities Score (NAS) e o Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). Não houve diferença na demanda de trabalho de enfermagem para idosos de diferentes faixas etárias e os fatores associados à alta carga de trabalho foram a gravidade, a idade e o tipo de internação. A idade, como fator isolado, não deve ser discriminante para a admissão de idosos em UTI

Molecular analysis of c-Kit and PDGFRA in GISTs diagnosed by EUS

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are characterized by overexpression and mutations of c-Kit. Approximately 80% of c-Kit mutations occur in exon H, being a response factor to imatinib (Gleevec) therapy. Mutations of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-a (PDGFRA) are observed in a subset of GISTs lacking c-Kit mutations. We aimed to assess whether c-Kit and PDGFRA mutation analysis of GISTs obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) could be routinely performed. Mutation analysis of c-Kit hotspot exons (9, 11, 13, and 17) and PDGFRA hotspot exons (12 and 18) was performed in aspirates of 33 GISTs and 18 non-GIST mesenchymal tumors. Of the GIST cases, 19 (58%) of 33 contained a mutation in exon 11, 1 (3%) in exon 9, and none in exons 13 and 17. No activating c-Kit mutations were identified in non-GIST cases. No PDGFRA mutation was detected. Mutation analysis is possible in these FNA cell blocks and can assist in the diagnosis and therapeutic decisions in GIST cases.Supported in part by NOVARTIS Oncologyinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Study of the lamellar and micellar phases of pluronic F127: A molecular dynamics approach

In this work, we analyzed the behavior of Pluronic F127 through molecular dynamics simulations at the coarse-grain level, focusing on the micellar and lamellar phases. To this aim, two initial polymer conformations were considered, S-shape and U-shape, for both simulated phases. Through the simulations, we were able to examine the structural and mechanical properties that are difficult to access through experiments. Since no transition between S and U shapes was observed in our simulations, we inferred that all single co-polymers had memory of their initial configuration. Nevertheless, most copolymers had a more complex amorphous structure, where hydrophilic beads were part of the lamellar-like core. Finally, an overall comparison of the micellar a lamellar phases showed that the lamellar thickness was in the same order of magnitude as the micelle diameter (approx. 30 nm). Therefore, high micelle concentration could lead to lamellar formation. With this new information, we could understand lamellae as orderly packed micelles.Fil: Albano, Juan Manuel Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Grillo, Damián Alexis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Facelli, Julio C.. University of Utah; Estados UnidosFil: Ferraro, Marta Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Pickholz, Mónica Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Comercialización de tableta de chocolate hipocalórico libre de azúcar incluyendo insumos autóctonos del Perú

El trabajo que presentamos, se desarrolló como modelo de Plan de Negocios, con el propósito de lanzar un nuevo producto a base de cacao, el chocolate, solo que el concepto a usarse es diferente a lo tradicional ya existente en el Perú: un chocolate hipocalórico libre de azúcar. Para ello, se trabajará con productos autóctonos como el aguaymanto, el maní y las almendras (Anexo N° 11). El presente Plan de Negocios tiene como objetivo ofrecer un chocolate a base de cacao, hipocalórico libre de azúcar, apto para las personas entre los 23 y 36 años, de los segmentos NSE A, B y C, afines al consumo saludable de los distritos de Santiago de Surco, San Miguel y Jesús María (Anexo N° 11). Asimismo, tiene como objetivo, desarrollar y posicionar KAMARI, como marca, en la mentalidad del consumidor dentro de las categorías de chocolate, de acuerdo con la Norma Técnica Peruana (Codex stan 87:2013). Los resultados de la investigación se han obtenido a través de la técnica de la encuesta, cuyo resultado determinó el comportamiento del consumidor. El Plan de Negocio está estructurado en tres etapas: en la primera, se maquila el chocolate y se comercializa a través de los canales modernos (tiendas por conveniencia y especialidad) al público objetivo mencionado en el párrafo anterior. En la segunda etapa, se comercializa el chocolate en Lima Metropolitana a través de los canales modernos. Finalmente, en la tercera etapa se distribuye y comercializa en todo el País.Trabajo de investigaciónCampus Lima Centr

Mutations in the methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase gene and Down syndrome

Down syndrome (DS) is a complex genetic and metabolic disorder attributed to the presence of three copies of chromosome 21. The extra chromosome derives from the mother in 93% of cases and is due to abnormal chromosome segregation during meiosis (nondisjunction). Except for advanced age at conception, maternal risk factors for meiotic nondisjunction are not well established. A recent preliminary study suggested that abnormal folate metabolism and the 677 (C->T) mutation in the methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene may be maternal risk factors for DS. Frequency of the MTHFR 677 (C->T) and 1298 (A->C) mutations was evaluated in 36 mothers of children with DS and in 200 controls. The results are consistent with the observation that the MTHFR 677 (C->T) and 1298 (A->C) mutations are more prevalent among mothers of children with DS than controls. In addition, the most prevalent genotype was the combination of both mutations. The results suggest that mutations in the MTHFR gene are associated with maternal risk for DSSindrome de Down (SD) é uma alteração genética e metabólica complexa atribuída à presença de três cópias do cromossomo 21. O cromossomo extra em 93% dos casos é de origem materna e é resultante de uma segregação anormal durante a meiose (não-disjunção). Com exceção da idade materna avançada, fatores de risco para a não-disjunção meiótica não estão bem estabelecidos. Um estudo preliminar sugeriu que o metabolismo anormal do folato e a mutação 677 (C->T) no gene da metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR) podem ser fatores de risco maternos para a SD. A freqüência das mutações MTHFR 677 (C->T) e 1.298 (A->C) foram avaliadas em 36 mães de crianças com SD e em 200 indivíduos-controle. Os resultados demonstraram que as mutações 677 (C->T) e 1.298 (A->C) são mais prevalentes entre mães de crianças com SD do que nos controles. A heterozigose das duas mutações foi a combinação mais freqüente. O resultado desse estudo inicial sugere que mutações no gene da MTHFR seriam um fator de risco para a SD.1795179

Segurança do paciente em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva: desenvolvimento de um projeto de pesquisa

Objective : To describe our experience in the many processes involved in the development of a Project on Research into Intensive Care Unit Patient Safety. Method : Mixed design study: historic cohort study of the collection of data on patients and on adverse events/incidents and transversal design on the collection of data on a nursing team. The data were collected over a period of 90 days in 2012 at the Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina of the Universidade de São Paulo (ICHC-FMUSP)and the University Hospital of the Universidade de São Paulo HU-USP).Procedures carried out: This study involved a number of stages: application of the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) at the ICHC-FMUSP, creation of a database system, hospital record inputs, monitor training, patient data extraction and load, collection of data during duty shift changes, and records. Final considerations : Training, researcher commitment, and collaboration with IT (Information Technology) professionals were crucial to the quality of the results obtained and of scientific production achieved. We hope that our report will serve to guide and encourage researchers to carry out complex surveys contributing to improve nursing and health knowledge.Objetivo Presentar la experiencia acerca de los diferentes procesos involucrados en el desarrollo de un Proyecto de Investigación en Seguridad del Paciente en las Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Método Estudio con diseño mixto: cohorte histórica para la recolección de datos de pacientes y eventos adversos/incidentes y transversal para la recolección de datos del personal de enfermería. Se realizó la recolección de dados durante 90 días, en 2012, en el Instituto Central de Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad de São Paulo y el Hospital Universitario de la Universidad de São Paulo, fueron los campos de estudio, donde. Desarrollo de los procesos La investigación incluyó varios pasos para la realización: implantación delNursing Activities Score (NAS) en el Instituto Central de Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad de São Paulo, desarrollo del sistema del banco de datos, digitalización de los registros, capacitación de los recolectores, extracción de datos de los pacientes y datos recolectados por medio de escalas, cambio de turno e historias clínicas. Consideraciones finales Formación, compromiso de los investigadores y la sociedad con profesionales de la tecnología fueron la clave para la calidad de los resultados obtenidos. Se espera que la descripción de esta experiencia pueda guiar los investigadores para realizar investigaciones complejas que contribuyen a la construcción del conocimiento en enfermería y salud.Objetivo Relatar a experiência sobre os diferentes processos envolvidos no desenvolvimento de um Projeto de Pesquisa em Segurança do Paciente em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Método Estudo com delineamento misto: coorte histórica para a coleta dos dados dos pacientes e eventos adversos/incidentes e transversal para a coleta dos dados da equipe de enfermagem. A coleta de dados ocorreu durante 90 dias, em 2012, no Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo e o Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. Processos desenvolvidos A pesquisa envolveu diversas etapas para sua efetivação: implantação doNursing Activities Score (NAS) no Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, desenvolvimento de sistema de banco de dados, digitalização de prontuários, treinamento de monitores, extração e carga de dados dos pacientes e coleta de dados durante a passagem de plantão, prontuários. Considerações finais Treinamentos, comprometimento dos pesquisadores e parceria com profissionais da tecnologia da informação foram fundamentais para a qualidade dos resultados obtidos e da produção científica alcançada. Espera-se que esse relato de experiência possa orientar e encorajar os pesquisadores a realizar pesquisas complexas que contribuam para a construção do conhecimento na enfermagem e saúde

Nursing Activities Score: an updated guideline for its application in the Intensive Care Unit

Objetivo Describir la carga de trabajo de enfermería en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de diferentes países según el Nursing Activities Score (NAS) y establecer una guía estandarizada para su utilización en UCI. Método estudio observacional en 19 UCIs de siete países (Noruega, Países Bajos, España, Polonia, Egipto, Grecia y Brasil) incluyendo 758 pacientes adultos en Noviembre de 2012. Resultados La puntuación media total en la escala NAS fue de 72.81% com valores entre 44.46% (España) y 101.8% (Noruega). Las medias NAS en Polonia, Grecia y Egipto fue de 83.0%, 64.59% y 57.11% respectivamente. El NAS medio fue similar en Brasil (53.98%) y los Países Bajos (50.96%). De los 23 ítems de la escala hubo problemas en la interpretación de 5 de ellos (21.74%). Este problema se resolvió mediante el consenso entre los investigadores. Conclusión El presente estudio demuestra variación en la carga de trabajo en UCI de diferentes países. La guía estandarizada de puntuación del NAS puede servir como una herramienta para resolver dudas en futuras aplicaciones.Objetivo Descrever a carga de trabalho de enfermagem em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de diferentes países, segundo o Nursing Activities Score (NAS), e padronizar o manual do NAS para uso nessas Unidades. Método Estudo transversal realizado em 19 UTI de sete países (Noruega, Holanda, Espanha, Polônia, Egito, Grécia e Brasil) com um total de 758 pacientes adultos, em novembro de 2012. Resultados A média do NAS total da amostra foi 72.81%, com variação entre 44.46% (Espanha) e101.81% (Noruega). Nas UTI da Polônia, Grécia e Egito, as médias foram de 83.00%, 64.59% e 57.11%, respectivamente. As médias NAS no Brasil (53.98%) e na Holanda (50,96%) foram similares. Dos 23 itens da escala, houve dúvidas no entendimento de 5(21.74%), que foram solucionados por consenso entre os pesquisadores. Conclusão O estudo mostrou diferentes cargas de trabalho de enfermagem nas UTI estudadas. Um manual padronizado do NAS para uso nessas unidades contribuirá para sanar dúvidas em futuras aplicações.Objective To describe nursing workload in Intensive Care Units (ICU) in different countries according to the scores obtained with Nursing Activities Score (NAS) and to verify the agreement among countries on the NAS guideline interpretation. Method This cross-sectional study considered 1-day measure of NAS (November 2012) obtained from 758 patients in 19 ICUs of seven countries (Norway, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, Egypt, Greece and Brazil). The Delphi technique was used in expertise meetings and consensus. Results The NAS score was 72.8% in average, ranging from 44.5% (Spain) to 101.8% (Norway). The mean NAS score from Poland, Greece and Egypt was 83.0%, 64.6% and 57.1%, respectively. The NAS score was similar in Brazil (54.0%) and in the Netherlands (51.0%). There were doubts in the understanding of five out 23 items of the NAS (21.7%) which were discussed until researchers’ consensus. Conclusion NAS score were different in the seven countries. Future studies must verify if the fine standardization of the guideline can have a impact on differences in the NAS results