Multiwavelength studies of MHD waves in the solar chromosphere: An overview of recent results

The chromosphere is a thin layer of the solar atmosphere that bridges the relatively cool photosphere and the intensely heated transition region and corona. Compressible and incompressible waves propagating through the chromosphere can supply significant amounts of energy to the interface region and corona. In recent years an abundance of high-resolution observations from state-of-the-art facilities have provided new and exciting ways of disentangling the characteristics of oscillatory phenomena propagating through the dynamic chromosphere. Coupled with rapid advancements in magnetohydrodynamic wave theory, we are now in an ideal position to thoroughly investigate the role waves play in supplying energy to sustain chromospheric and coronal heating. Here, we review the recent progress made in characterising, categorising and interpreting oscillations manifesting in the solar chromosphere, with an impetus placed on their intrinsic energetics.Comment: 48 pages, 25 figures, accepted into Space Science Review

Forward modeling of standing kink modes in coronal loops. I. Synthetic views

Kink magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves are frequently observed in various magnetic structures of the solar atmosphere. They may contribute significantly to coronal heating and could be used as a tool to diagnose the solar plasma. In this study, we synthesize the Fe ix λ171.073 emission of a coronal loop supporting a standing kink MHD mode. The kink MHD wave solution of a plasma cylinder is mapped into a semi-torus structure to simulate a curved coronal loop. We decompose the solution into a quasi-rigid kink motion and a quadrupole term, which dominate the plasma inside and outside of the flux tube, respectively. At the loop edges, the line of sight integrates relatively more ambient plasma, and the background emission becomes significant. The plasma motion associated with the quadrupole term causes spectral line broadening and emission suppression. The periodic intensity suppression will modulate the integrated intensity and the effective loop width, which both exhibit oscillatory variations at half of the kink period. The quadrupole term can be directly observed as a pendular motion at the front view

Genomics and proteomics approaches to the study of cancer-stroma interactions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The development and progression of cancer depend on its genetic characteristics as well as on the interactions with its microenvironment. Understanding these interactions may contribute to diagnostic and prognostic evaluations and to the development of new cancer therapies. Aiming to investigate potential mechanisms by which the tumor microenvironment might contribute to a cancer phenotype, we evaluated soluble paracrine factors produced by stromal and neoplastic cells which may influence proliferation and gene and protein expression.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study was carried out on the epithelial cancer cell line (Hep-2) and fibroblasts isolated from a primary oral cancer. We combined a conditioned-medium technique with subtraction hybridization approach, quantitative PCR and proteomics, in order to evaluate gene and protein expression influenced by soluble paracrine factors produced by stromal and neoplastic cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We observed that conditioned medium from fibroblast cultures (FCM) inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in Hep-2 cells. In neoplastic cells, 41 genes and 5 proteins exhibited changes in expression levels in response to FCM and, in fibroblasts, 17 genes and 2 proteins showed down-regulation in response to conditioned medium from Hep-2 cells (HCM). Nine genes were selected and the expression results of 6 down-regulated genes (<it>ARID4A</it>, <it>CALR</it>, <it>GNB2L1</it>, <it>RNF10</it>, <it>SQSTM1</it>, <it>USP9X</it>) were validated by real time PCR.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A significant and common denominator in the results was the potential induction of signaling changes associated with immune or inflammatory response in the absence of a specific protein.</p

Central Asia in World Politics and Economics

The present situation in Central Asia is most often viewed from a regional or post-Soviet perspective. At the same time, there is an urgent need to place analysis of the processes in play in this subregion, and above all their immediate and long-term consequences, into a broader framework based on stable and nascent trends in world development. Two groups of factors give global economic and political weight to this region of the modern world: its geographical proximity to two great powersâRussia and Chiraâand its natural resources. These factors in turn break down into a multitude of components that are intricately interwoven with one another and, moreover, are in a state of dynamic imbalance. The significance of some are gradually nullified while others, conversely, are only beginning to develop.

Social responsibility of the head in the system of staff planning of the enterprise

The principles of social partnership when changing the bases of social and labor relations become an important element in the work of the modern leader. In Russia, on the part of the state for 2016–2021 years, it is planned to form a new model for the sphere of labor relations in the form of effective cooperation between employers and employees through the introduction of innovative principles. In conditions of objective competitive restrictions, the implementation of the principles of social responsibility is difficult. Toughening of legal norms with regard to the responsibility of managers in the system of collective social and labor relations, on the one hand, is intended to reduce the share of offenses in the organization of labor remuneration, unjustified its differentiation, on the other, reduces the management motivation caused by the increased risk of such liability. The social responsibility of the enterprise manager as a phenomenon alters the content of the mechanism of its distribution. Providing the Russian economy with highly competitive jobs implies a significant increase in labor productivity, therefore, the growth of wages and staff development is stipulated. Effective leadership aimed at the strategic development of the enterprise, not in all situations is able to solve unstructured tasks, even with sufficient attention to the staff and the right style of behavior. The tool for implementing strategic goals in this case is the personnel policy of the enterprise, which is proposed to be implemented in accordance with the developed professional-qualification model. The growth of the efficiency of the enterprise should be ensured with the use of internal reserves without attracting new personnel due to the renewal of production capacities, retraining of the staff for the purpose of acquiring higher skills and the ability to efficiently and efficiently employ flexible employment

“Shale Revolution” in the United States as the Main Driver of the World Oil Market Transformation

In 2018 the United States surpassed Saudi Arabia and Russia to become the largest world oil producer. The article focuses on the mechanisms through which the American shale revolution increasingly impacts functioning of the world oil market. The authors show that this impact is translated to the world oil market mainly through the trade and price channels. Lifting the ban on crude oil exports in December 2015 allowed the United States to increase rapidly supply of crude oil to the world oil market, the country’s share in the world crude oil exports reached 4,4% in 2018 and continues to rise. The U.S. share in the world petroleum products exports, on which the American oil sector places the main stake, reached 18%. In parallel with increasing oil production the U.S. considerably shrank crude oil import that forced many oil exporters to reorient to other markets. Due to high elasticity of tight oil production to the oil price increases oil from the U.S. has started to constrain the world oil price from above. According to the majority of authoritative forecasts, oil production in the U.S. will continue to increase at least until 2025. Since 2017 the tendency to the increasing expansion of supermajors into American unconventional oil sector has become noticeable, what will contribute to further strengthening of the U.S. position in the world oil market and accelerate its restructuring

EPIDEMIOLOGIYa PERELOMOV PREDPLECh'Ya, PLEChA I GOLENI U NASELENIYa 50 LET I STARShE V ROSSII, ARMENII, MOLDOVE I UZBEKISTANE (ISSLEDOVANIE EVA)

Эпидемиология переломов дистального отдела предплечья (ДОП), проксимального отдела плеча (ПОП) и дистального отдела голени (ДОГ) в Армении, Молдове и Узбекистане ранее не изучалась. В России инцидентность ПОП и ДОГ изучена в единичных работах. Между тем, невертебральные переломы иные, чем переломы проксимального отдела бедренной кости, занимают важное место в структуре остеопоротических переломов (Гладкова Е.Н. и соавт., 2014). Цель исследования: определить инцидентность переломов ДОП, ПОП и ДОГ в Армении, Молдове, Узбекистане, а также в ряде городов России (Якутск, Краснодарский край, Хабаровск, Комсомольск-на-Амуре). Материал и методы. Сбор информации по переломам у людей 50 лет и старше проводился ретроспективно за 2011-2012 гг. на основе информации травматологической службы (стационары, травматологические пункты). Для проведения исследования в каждой стране был выбран район или город с представительной выборкой населения 50 лет и старше, в том числе и по национальному составу. Результаты. Инцидентность переломов ДОП, ПОП и ДОГ в изучаемых центрах в сравнении с ранее опубликованными данными по РФ приведена в таблице. Хотя отмечены существенные колебания по центрам, основные эпидемиологические закономерности переломов сохранялись: инцидентность ПОП и ДОП у женщин была выше, чем у мужчин, и нарастала с возрастом (данные не приведены), инцидентность ДОП не различалась в зависимости от пола и не нарастала с возрастом (данные не приведены). Сравнительная инцидентность переломов в различных центрах исследования ЭВА у людей 50 лет и старше Центр Годовая инцидентность /100.000 Дистальный отдел голени Проксимальный отдел плеча Дистальный отдел предплечья муж +жен муж жен муж +жен муж жен муж +жен муж жен Хабаровск - - - 116 84 136 188 137 220 Комсомольск-на- Амуре 614 572 640 563 282 737 1272 320 1864 Якутск 667 235 943 Краснодар 71 79 66 53 16 77 303 80 448 Узбекистан 198 212 181 21 19 24 546 480 622 Армения 42 40 44 32 12 50 64 27 94 Молдова 319 306 329 156 92 204 367 171 515 Первоуральск* 174 151 188 169 106 209 540 171 787 * данные исследования Гладковой Е.Н. с соавт., (2014) Выводы. Впервые получены данные по эпидемиологии переломов проксимального отдела плеча, дистальных отделов предплечья и голени в Армении, Молдове и Узбекистане. Эпидемиологические характеристики перелома дистального отдела голени отличаются от других типов переломов