Análise, classificação e tratamento de ruído em imagens de séries temporais NDWI do sensor MODIS na Ilha do Bananal

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, 2013.O sensoriamento remoto permite estudar os fenômenos da superfície terrestre em diversas escalas espaciais e temporais, que, ao serem analisados a partir dos conceitos de paisagem e território usado, consistem em uma maneira de entender o espaço geográfico. A constante transformação dos ecossistemas, de forma abrupta ou contínua e de origem humana ou natural, cria a necessidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas que tenham a capacidade de detectar essas mudanças, identificar suas causas e monitorar o processo. Este trabalho se volta para as análises de séries temporais contínuas, que podem ser usadas no monitoramento de ecossistemas já que a continuidade dos dados permite traçar um perfil para o comportamento sazonal de cada fitofisionomia. Busca-se aqui aplicar técnicas de análise temporal para identificar as assinaturas temporais presentes na Ilha do Bananal no estado do Tocantins, a maior ilha fluvial do mundo. Formada pela bifurcação do rio Araguaia que corre no sentido sul-norte. Primeiramente será feita uma descrição das características da região, as quais se pretende identificar pelo método proposto. A partir disso, o trabalho será desenvolvido em quatro etapas de manipulação dos dados: 1) obtenção das imagens MODIS e montagem dos cubos temporais; 2) cálculo do índice NDWI; 3) tratamento de ruídos por meio da aplicação de filtros estatísticos utilizando os métodos da mediana e de Savitzky-Golay, e; 4) classificação por meio do ISODATA e do SAM. O filtro de mediana, utilizado da maneira correta, demonstrou a capacidade de eliminar picos ao mesmo tempo em que preserva os dados. Já o Savitzky-Golay se mostrou útil na suavização do perfil espectral, mantendo as formas e inflexões das assinaturas temporais. O classificador ISODATA identificou 5 classes, que serviram de base para a classificação espectral. A biblioteca espectral usada na classificação SAM discriminou 6 comportamentos distintos do índice NDWI. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTRemote sensing allows us to study the phenomena of the earth's surface at various spatial and temporal scales, which, when analyzed from the concepts of landscape and used territory, are a way of understanding the geographic space. The constant transformation of ecosystems, abruptly or continuously and human induced or from natural origin, creates the need to develop techniques that are able to detect these changes, identify their causes, and monitor the process. This paper turns to the analysis of continuous time series which can be used in the monitoring of ecosystems, given that the continuity of data allows tracing a profile for the seasonal behavior of each phytphysiognomy. We seek to apply temporal analysis techniques to identify temporal signatures present in the Bananal Island surface. It is the largest fluvial island in the world, formed by bifurcation of the Araguaia River which flows from south to north. Firstly there will be a description of the regions characteristics that are intended to be identified by the proposed method. From then on the work will be developed in four stages of data manipulation: 1) obtaining MODIS images and assembling temporal cubes; 2) NDWI index calculation; 3) noise treatment through the application of statistical filters, using the median method and Savitzky-Golay filter, and; 4) the classification by ISODATA and SAM. The median filter was applied correctly, demonstratingd the capacity of eliminating peaks while preserving the data. The Savitzky-Golay has been proved useful in the spectral profile smoothing, keeping the forms and inflections of time signatures. The ISODATA classifier identified five classes, which served as basis for spectral classification. The spectral library used in the SAM classification discriminated six different NDWI behaviors

Análise multitemporal de vegetação em ecossistemas de áreas úmidas utilizando séries temporais derivadas do sensor modis na Ilha do Bananal – Tocantins

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, Programa de Pós-graduação, 2017.O sensoriamento remoto permite estudar os fenômenos da superfície terrestre em diversas escalas espaciais e temporais. A constante transformação dos ecossistemas, de forma abrupta ou contínua e de origem humana ou natural, cria a necessidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas que tenham a capacidade de detectar essas mudanças, identificar suas causas e monitorar o processo. Este trabalho se volta para as análises de séries temporais contínuas, que podem ser usadas no monitoramento de ecossistemas já que a continuidade dos dados permite traçar um perfil para o comportamento sazonal de cada fitofisionomia. O trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para identificação de padrões sazonais e classificação de alvos do uso do território e de áreas alagadas da Ilha do Bananal, estado do Tocantins, a partir do comportamento fenológico identificado nas séries temporais contínuas do sensor MODIS. A partir de então, o desenvolvimento da metodologia foi fracionado em quatro fases principais agrupando etapas temáticas sequenciais de acordo com seu escopo conceitual da seguinte forma: 1) Aquisição de dados do sensor MODIS; 2) Tratamento de Ruído; 3) Construção do Hipercubo Espectro-Temporal; e 4) Classificação e Teste de Acurácia. Para validação da classificação foram utilizados ponto de controle interpretados visualmente com base em imagens Landsat, a partir dos quais se calculou o índice Kappa. O filtro de mediana demonstrou a capacidade de eliminar picos ao mesmo tempo em que preserva os dados. Foi realizada uma classificação para áreas alagáveis – cujo Kappa foi de 0,8 – e uma para o uso da terra – cujo 2 Kappa foi de 0,648. A partir dos mapeamentos foi possível extrair informações sobre os ciclos de inundação e evolução da paisagem na região da Ilha do Bananal.Remote sensing allows us to study the phenomena of the earth's surface at various spatial and temporal scales. The constant transformation of ecosystems, abruptly or continuously and human induced or from natural origin, creates the need to develop techniques that are able to detect these changes, identify their causes, and monitor the process. This paper turns to the analysis of continuous time series, which can be used in the monitoring of ecosystems, given that the continuity of data allows tracing a profile for the seasonal behavior of each phytphysiognomy. This study’s objective is the development a methodology to identify seasonal patterns and classify land use targets and flooded areas in the Bananal Island, Tocantins state, from the phonologic behavior identified on continuous time series form NODIS sensor. From then on, the methodology development was fractioned in four main stages grouped in thematic sequential steps according to its conceptual scope as follows: 1) Acquisition of MODIS sensor data; 2) Noise Reduction; 3) Construction of the SpectralTemporal Hypercube; and 4) Classification and Accuracy Test. For the classification’s validation it was employed control point visually interpreted based on Landsat images, from which the kappa index was calculated. The median filter demonstrated the capacity of eliminating peaks while preserving the data. It was performed one classification for flooded areas – whose kappa was 0,8 – and one for land use – whose kappa was 0,648. From the mappings, it was possible to extract information regarding the flooding cycles and the landscape development for the Bananal island region

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Judicialização da política externa e direitos humanos

O objetivo do artigo é fornecer uma base teórica para a compreensão da "judicialização da política externa", tomando como ponto de partida as elaborações clássicas de Locke e Montesquieu que conferiam ao Executivo uma grande dose de discricionariedade na condução das relações exteriores, gradualmente contrabalançada pelo Legislativo e pelo Judiciário. Revisitando a literatura sobre "judicialização da política" e as deturpações a que foi submetida, o autor procura aplicar o conceito para a política externa e analisa cinco casos da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos.<br>The purpose of the article is to provide a theoretical basis for the application of judicial proceedings (judicialização) in the foreign policy. The starting point is the classical conceptions of Locke and Montesquieu which conferred a great deal of discretion to the Executive for managing foreign relations, what was gradually counterbalanced by the Legislative and the Judiciary. Approaching the Brazilian literature on the expansion of judicial power to the politics and subsequent misrepresentations, the author tries to apply the concept to the foreign policy and analyses five cases of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

Neurofibromatoses: part 1 ? diagnosis and differential diagnosis

Neurofibromatoses (NF) are a group of genetic multiple tumor growing predisposition diseases: neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and schwannomatosis (SCH), which have in common the neural origin of tumors and cutaneous signs. They affect nearly 80 thousand of Brazilians. In recent years, the increased scientific knowledge on NF has allowed better clinical management and reduced complication morbidity, resulting in higher quality of life for NF patients. In most cases, neurology, psychiatry, dermatology, clinical geneticists, oncology and internal medicine specialists are able to make the differential diagnosis between NF and other diseases and to identify major NF complications. Nevertheless, due to its great variability in phenotype expression, progressive course, multiple organs involvement and unpredictable natural evolution, NF often requires the support of neurofibromatoses specialists for proper treatment and genetic counseling. This Part 1 offers step-by-step guidelines for NF differential diagnosis. Part 2 will present the NF clinical management

Direct antiviral therapy for treatment of hepatitis C: A real-world study from Brazil

Introduction and objectives: Direct antiviral agents (DAAs) including sofosbuvir (SOF), daclatasvir (DCV), simeprevir (SIM) and ombitasvir, paritaprevir and dasabuvir were introduced 2015 in Brazil for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aims of this study were to assess effectiveness and safety of HCV treatment with DAA in real-life world in a highly admixed population from Brazil. Materials and methods: All Brazilian reference centers for HCV treatment were invited to take part in a web-based registry, prospectively conducted by the Brazilian Society of Hepatology, to assess outcomes of HCV treatment in Brazil with DAAs. Data to be collected included demographics, disease severity and comorbidities, genotype (GT), viral load, DAA regimens, treatment side effects and sustained virological response (SVR). Results: 3939 patients (60% males, mean age 58 ± 10 years) throughout the country were evaluated. Most had advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, GT1 and were treated with SOF/DCV or SOF/SIM. Overall SVR rates were higher than 95%. Subjects with decompensated cirrhosis, GT2 and GT3 have lower SVR rates of 85%, 90% and 91%, respectively. Cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis in GT1 and male sex and decompensated cirrhosis in GT3 were significantly associated with no SVR. Adverse events (AD) and serious AD occurred in 18% and 5% of those subjects, respectively, but less than 1% of patients required treatment discontinuation. Conclusion: SOF-based DAA regimens are effective and safe in the heterogeneous highly admixed Brazilian population and could remain an option for HCV treatment at least in low-income countries

Acute schistosomiasis mansoni: revisited and reconsidered

Acute schistosomiasis is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction against the migrating schistosomula and eggs. A variety of clinical manifestations appear during the migration of schistosomes in humans: cercarial dermatitis, fever, pneumonia, diarrhoea, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, skin lesions, liver abscesses, brain tumours and myelo- radiculopathy. Hypereosinophilia is common and aids diagnosis. The disease has been overlooked, misdiagnosed, underestimated and underreported in endemic areas, but risk groups are well known, including military recruits, some religious congregations, rural tourists and people practicing recreational water sports. Serology may help in diagnosis, but the finding of necrotic-exudative granulomata in a liver biopsy specimen is pathognomonic. Differentials include malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, kala-azar, prolonged Salmonella bacteraemia, lymphoma, toxocariasis, liver abscesses and fever of undetermined origin. For symptomatic hospitalised patients, treatment with steroids and schistosomicides is recommended. Treatment is curative in those timely diagnosed