Educação Infantil para a América Latina sob a ótica do "desenvolver a primeira infância" do Banco Mundial

This study aims to critically analyze Early Childhood Education in Latin America from the perspective of the World Bank's "Developing the First Years" (DFY) initiative. It employs a qualitative approach, and bibliographic and documentary research was conducted, primarily based on data from World Bank documents – and its experts – in recent years. The study reveals how the Bank prioritizes the DFY agenda through social and educational programs for economic development and the (re)production of future human capital, strengthened by the neuroscience discourse. To achieve this, the documents articulate how to develop these legitimized programs as best practices in education, nutrition, and health, decentralized and at multiple levels, i.e., through intersectoral practices with alliances with the private sector. In conclusion, contrary to the Bank's perspective, it is argued that it is essential to Develop Early Childhood based on a critical, emancipatory, and decolonial perspective.Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar de manera crítica la Educación Infantil en América Latina desde la perspectiva de “Desarrollar la Primera Infancia” (DPI) del Banco Mundial. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, se llevó a cabo una investigación bibliográfica y documental, con base prioritaria en datos de los documentos del Banco Mundial, así como en la información proporcionada por sus expertos en los últimos años. El estudio revela de qué manera el Banco establece la agenda del DPI a través de programas sociales y educativos para el desarrollo económico y la (re)producción del capital humano futuro, fortalecido por el discurso de la neurociencia. Para lograr esto, los documentos expresan cómo desarrollar estos programas, legitimados como buenas prácticas en educación, nutrición y salud, descentralizados y en niveles múltiples, es decir, a través de prácticas intersectoriales con alianzas con el sector privado. Finalmente, en contraposición a la perspectiva del Banco, se defiende que es fundamental Desarrollar la Primera Infancia desde una perspectiva crítica, emancipadora y decolonial.Este estudo busca analisar de forma crítica a Educação Infantil na América Latina sob a ótica do "Desenvolver A Primeira Infância" (DPI) do Banco Mundial. Mediante uma abordagem qualitativa, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com base prioritária de dados dos documentos do Banco Mundial – e de seus experts – nos últimos anos. O estudo revela de que maneira o Banco tem como agenda o DPI a partir de programas sociais e educacionais para o desenvolvimento econômico e a (re)produção de capital humano futuro, fortalecida pelo discurso da neurociência. Para isso, os documentos manifestam o como desenvolver esses programas legitimados de boas práticas de educação, nutrição e saúde, descentralizadas e em multinível, ou seja, em práticas intersetoriais com alianças com o setor privado. Por fim, ao contrário da perspectiva do Banco, defende-se que é fundamental Desenvolver a Primeira Infância pautada em uma perspectiva crítica, emancipatória e decolonial

Quantitative (13)c Multicp Solid-state Nmr As A Tool For Evaluation Of Cellulose Crystallinity Index Measured Directly Inside Sugarcane Biomass.

The crystallinity index (CI) is often associated with changes in cellulose structure after biological and physicochemical pretreatments. While some results obtained with lignocellulosic biomass demonstrate a progressive increase in the CI as a function of pretreatments, it is also shown that the CI can significantly vary depending on the choice of the measurement method. Besides, the influence of the CI on the recalcitrance of biomass has been controversial for a long time, but the most recent results tend to point out that the efficiency of pretreatments in reducing the recalcitrance is not clearly correlated with the decrease of the CI. Much of this controversy is somewhat associated with the inability to distinguish between the CI of the cellulose inside the biomass and the CI of the full biomass, which contains other amorphous components such as lignin and hemicellulose. Cross polarization by multiple contact periods (Multi-CP) method was used to obtain quantitative (13)C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectra of sugarcane bagasse biomass submitted to two-step pretreatments and/or enzymatic hydrolysis. By comparing the dipolar filtered Multi-CP (13)C NMR spectra of untreated bagasse samples with those of samples submitted to acid pretreatment, we show that a 1% H2SO4-assisted pretreatment was very effective in removing practically all the hemicellulose signals. This led us to propose a spectral editing procedure based on the subtraction of MultiCP spectra of acid-treated biomass from that of the extracted lignin, to obtain a virtually pure cellulose spectrum. Based on this idea, we were able to evaluate the CI of the native cellulose inside the sugarcane bagasse biomass. The results show the validity of the proposed method as a tool for evaluating the variations in the CI of the cellulose inside biomasses of similar kinds. Despite a clear increase in the CI of biomass as measured by X-ray diffraction, no significant variations were observed in the CI of the cellulose inside the biomass after a particular 1% H2SO4/0.25-4% NaOH chemical-assisted pretreatments. The CI of cellulose inside the biomass solid fraction that remained after the enzymatic hydrolysis was also evaluated. The results show a slight increase in crystallinity.811

The Characterization Of The Endoglucanase Cel12a From Gloeophyllum Trabeum Reveals An Enzyme Highly Active On β-glucan.

The basidiomycete fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum causes a typical brown rot and is known to use reactive oxygen species in the degradation of cellulose. The extracellular Cel12A is one of the few endo-1,4-β-glucanase produced by G. trabeum. Here we cloned cel12A and heterologously expressed it in Aspergillus niger. The identity of the resulting recombinant protein was confirmed by mass spectrometry. We used the purified GtCel12A to determine its substrate specificity and basic biochemical properties. The G. trabeum Cel12A showed highest activity on β-glucan, followed by lichenan, carboxymethylcellulose, phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and filter paper. The optimal pH and temperature for enzymatic activity were, respectively, 4.5 and 50 °C on β-glucan. Under these conditions specific activity was 239.2 ± 9.1 U mg(-1) and the half-life of the enzyme was 84.6 ± 3.5 hours. Thermofluor studies revealed that the enzyme was most thermal stable at pH 3. Using β-glucan as a substrate, the Km was 3.2 ± 0.5 mg mL(-1) and the Vmax was 0.41 ± 0.02 µmol min(-1). Analysis of the effects of GtCel12A on oat spelt and filter paper by scanning electron microscopy revealed the morphological changes taking place during the process.9e10839

Chemical and morphological characterization of sugarcane bagasse submitted to a delignification process for enhanced enzymatic digestibility

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In recent years, biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass to produce multi-products such as ethanol and other biomaterials has become a dynamic research area. Pretreatment technologies that fractionate sugarcane bagasse are essential for the successful use of this feedstock in ethanol production. In this paper, we investigate modifications in the morphology and chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse submitted to a two-step treatment, using diluted acid followed by a delignification process with increasing sodium hydroxide concentrations. Detailed chemical and morphological characterization of the samples after each pretreatment condition, studied by high performance liquid chromatography, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, diffuse reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, is reported, together with sample crystallinity and enzymatic digestibility.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Chemical composition analysis performed on samples obtained after different pretreatment conditions showed that up to 96% and 85% of hemicellulose and lignin fractions, respectively, were removed by this two-step method when sodium hydroxide concentrations of 1% (m/v) or higher were used. The efficient lignin removal resulted in an enhanced hydrolysis yield reaching values around 100%. Considering the cellulose loss due to the pretreatment (maximum of 30%, depending on the process), the total cellulose conversion increases significantly from 22.0% (value for the untreated bagasse) to 72.4%. The delignification process, with consequent increase in the cellulose to lignin ratio, is also clearly observed by nuclear magnetic resonance and diffuse reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy experiments. We also demonstrated that the morphological changes contributing to this remarkable improvement occur as a consequence of lignin removal from the sample. Bagasse unstructuring is favored by the loss of cohesion between neighboring cell walls, as well as by changes in the inner cell wall structure, such as damaging, hole formation and loss of mechanical resistance, facilitating liquid and enzyme access to crystalline cellulose.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results presented herewith show the efficiency of the proposed method for improving the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse and provide understanding of the pretreatment action mechanism. Combining the different techniques applied in this work warranted thorough information about the undergoing morphological and chemical changes and was an efficient approach to understand the morphological effects resulting from sample delignification and its influence on the enhanced hydrolysis results.</p

Uso de antimicrobianos no tratamento da neutropenia febril em pacientes pediátricos em um hospital de ensino

Objetivos: avaliar a utilização de antimicrobianos para o tratamento de neutropenia febril em pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: estudo transversal, retrospectivo e observacional, realizado nas unidades de pediatria de um hospital de ensino, de grande porte, com atenção de média e alta complexidade. Foram incluídos no estudo todos os pacientes com idade entre 28 dias e 17 anos, 11 meses e 29 dias, que apresentaram neutropenia febril e iniciaram algum antimicrobiano venoso no período de janeiro de 2022 a junho de 2022. Os dados foram coletados através dos sistemas disponíveis e foram comparados com o protocolo clínico setorial. Resultados: foram incluídos no estudo 40 pacientes, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino e com mediana de idade de 8 anos. Foram encontrados 70 episódios de neutropenia, sendo que 57% estavam em desacordo com o protocolo. As inadequações mais comuns foram o uso de antimicrobianos por tempo superior ao necessário, seguido de descalonamento não realizado após resultado de cultura disponível e antimicrobiano substituído de forma incorreta. Dos antimicrobianos usados, o mais prevalente foi o cefepime, e dos antifúngicos, foi a micafungina. As doses prescritas estavam de acordo com o protocolo, exceto em oito prescrições de dose de ataque de polimixina e uma de teicoplanina. As hemoculturas foram positivas em 25,7% dos casos e os microorganismos mais encontrados foram Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus e Staphylococcus hominis. Conclusão: foram verificadas altas taxas de não conformidade no uso de antimicrobianos para tratamento da neutropenia febril com o protocolo clínico setorial, apesar de a maioria das prescrições seguir o recomendado quando se tratava do início de tratamento. É imprescindível a adequação das prescrições ao protocolo institucional para que o paciente receba um tratamento eficaz e seguro, evitando a ocorrência de resistência bacteriana pelo uso inadequado dos medicamentos

Uso de antimicrobianos no tratamento da neutropenia febril em pacientes pediátricos em um hospital de ensino

Objetivos: avaliar a utilização de antimicrobianos para o tratamento de neutropenia febril em pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: estudo transversal, retrospectivo e observacional, realizado nas unidades de pediatria de um hospital de ensino, de grande porte, com atenção de média e alta complexidade. Foram incluídos no estudo todos os pacientes com idade entre 28 dias e 17 anos, 11 meses e 29 dias, que apresentaram neutropenia febril e iniciaram algum antimicrobiano venoso no período de janeiro de 2022 a junho de 2022. Os dados foram coletados através dos sistemas disponíveis e foram comparados com o protocolo clínico setorial. Resultados: foram incluídos no estudo 40 pacientes, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino e com mediana de idade de 8 anos. Foram encontrados 70 episódios de neutropenia, sendo que 57% estavam em desacordo com o protocolo. As inadequações mais comuns foram o uso de antimicrobianos por tempo superior ao necessário, seguido de descalonamento não realizado após resultado de cultura disponível e antimicrobiano substituído de forma incorreta. Dos antimicrobianos usados, o mais prevalente foi o cefepime, e dos antifúngicos, foi a micafungina. As doses prescritas estavam de acordo com o protocolo, exceto em oito prescrições de dose de ataque de polimixina e uma de teicoplanina. As hemoculturas foram positivas em 25,7% dos casos e os microorganismos mais encontrados foram Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus e Staphylococcus hominis. Conclusão: foram verificadas altas taxas de não conformidade no uso de antimicrobianos para tratamento da neutropenia febril com o protocolo clínico setorial, apesar de a maioria das prescrições seguir o recomendado quando se tratava do início de tratamento. É imprescindível a adequação das prescrições ao protocolo institucional para que o paciente receba um tratamento eficaz e seguro, evitando a ocorrência de resistência bacteriana pelo uso inadequado dos medicamentos

Representaciones sociales de personas con diabetes respecto del apoyo familiar percibido en relación al tratamiento

Estudo qualitativo, que teve como objetivo identificar as representações sociais de pessoas com diabetes acerca do apoio familiar percebido em relação ao tratamento. Como referencial teórico-metodológico utilizou-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais. Participaram 41 pessoas com diabetes atendidas em um centro universitário do interior paulista em 2007. O grupo focal foi utilizado como estratégia de coleta dos dados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados possibilitaram identificar três categorias: o apoio da família está presente no cotidiano da pessoa com diabetes; a família nem sempre apóia a pessoa com diabetes em suas necessidades; a própria pessoa com diabetes toma para si a responsabilidade de despertar o apoio da família. Os participantes reconhecem o apoio familiar como um fator relevante para o tratamento, porém também apontam que o excesso de controle exercido pelos familiares restringe sua autonomia e desperta sentimentos ambíguos. A equipe multiprofissional precisa considerar que o conhecimento das representações socialmente construídas contribui para potencializar a atenção em saúde à pessoa com diabetes.The objective of this qualitative study was to identify the social representations that people with diabetes have on their perception of family support for the treatment. The Theory of Social Representations was used as the theoretical and methodological framework. Participants were 41 people with diabetes assisted at a university in the state of São Paulo in 2007. The focal group strategy was used for data collection, and thematic content analysis was performed. Results revealed three categories: family support is present in the everyday life of people with diabetes; the family does not always support the person with diabetes in his or her needs; the person with diabetes assumes the responsibility to trigger family support. Participants see family support as a relevant factor for the treatment, but they also point out that excessive control from relatives limits their autonomy and originates ambiguous feelings. The multiprofessional team must take into consideration that knowing social representations helps improve the health care delivered to people with diabetes.Estudio cualitativo que objetivó identificar las representaciones sociales de personas con diabetes respecto del apoyo familiar percibido en relación al tratamiento. Se utilizó como referencial teórico-metodológico la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Participaron 41 diabéticos atendidos en centro universitario del interior paulista en 2007. Para recolección de datos se usó el grupo focal. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados identificaron tres categorías: el apoyo familiar está presente en el cotidiano del diabético; la familia no siempre apoya al diabético en sus necesidades; la propia persona diabética toma la responsabilidad de despertar el apoyo familiar. Los participantes destacan al apoyo familiar como factor relevante para el tratamiento, sin embargo reportan que el exceso de control ejercido por familiares restringe su autonomía y despierta sentimientos ambiguos. El equipo multidisciplinario necesita considerar que el conocimiento de las representaciones socialmente construidas contribuye a potencializar la atención sanitaria al diabético

Mapping the lignin distribution in pretreated sugarcane bagasse by confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

Abstract\ud \ud \ud \ud Background\ud \ud Delignification pretreatments of biomass and methods to assess their efficacy are crucial for biomass-to-biofuels research and technology. Here, we applied confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) using one- and two-photon excitation to map the lignin distribution within bagasse fibers pretreated with acid and alkali. The evaluated spectra and decay times are correlated with previously calculated lignin fractions. We have also investigated the influence of the pretreatment on the lignin distribution in the cell wall by analyzing the changes in the fluorescence characteristics using two-photon excitation. Eucalyptus fibers were also analyzed for comparison.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud Fluorescence spectra and variations of the decay time correlate well with the delignification yield and the lignin distribution. The decay dependences are considered two-exponential, one with a rapid (τ1) and the other with a slow (τ2) decay time. The fastest decay is associated to concentrated lignin in the bagasse and has a low sensitivity to the treatment. The fluorescence decay time became longer with the increase of the alkali concentration used in the treatment, which corresponds to lignin emission in a less concentrated environment. In addition, the two-photon fluorescence spectrum is very sensitive to lignin content and accumulation in the cell wall, broadening with the acid pretreatment and narrowing with the alkali one. Heterogeneity of the pretreated cell wall was observed.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud Our results reveal lignin domains with different concentration levels. The acid pretreatment caused a disorder in the arrangement of lignin and its accumulation in the external border of the cell wall. The alkali pretreatment efficiently removed lignin from the middle of the bagasse fibers, but was less effective in its removal from their surfaces. Our results evidenced a strong correlation between the decay times of the lignin fluorescence and its distribution within the cell wall. A new variety of lignin fluorescence states were accessed by two-photon excitation, which allowed an even broader, but complementary, optical characterization of lignocellulosic materials. These results suggest that the lignin arrangement in untreated bagasse fiber is based on a well-organized nanoenvironment that favors a very low level of interaction between the molecules.The authors are grateful to FAPESP and CNPq for financial support and to the company QuantumTech for the technical support

Mapping the lignin distribution in pretreated sugarcane bagasse by confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

Background: Delignification pretreatments of biomass and methods to assess their efficacy are crucial for biomassto- biofuels research and technology. Here, we applied confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) using one- and two-photon excitation to map the lignin distribution within bagasse fibers pretreated with acid and alkali. The evaluated spectra and decay times are correlated with previously calculated lignin fractions. We have also investigated the influence of the pretreatment on the lignin distribution in the cell wall by analyzing the changes in the fluorescence characteristics using two-photon excitation. Eucalyptus fibers were also analyzed for comparison. Results: Fluorescence spectra and variations of the decay time correlate well with the delignification yield and the lignin distribution. The decay dependences are considered two-exponential, one with a rapid (τ1) and the other with a slow (τ2) decay time. The fastest decay is associated to concentrated lignin in the bagasse and has a low sensitivity to the treatment. The fluorescence decay time became longer with the increase of the alkali concentration used in the treatment, which corresponds to lignin emission in a less concentrated environment. In addition, the two-photon fluorescence spectrum is very sensitive to lignin content and accumulation in the cell wall, broadening with the acid pretreatment and narrowing with the alkali one. Heterogeneity of the pretreated cell wall was observed. Conclusions: Our results reveal lignin domains with different concentration levels. The acid pretreatment caused a disorder in the arrangement of lignin and its accumulation in the external border of the cell wall. The alkali pretreatment efficiently removed lignin from the middle of the bagasse fibers, but was less effective in its removal from their surfaces. Our results evidenced a strong correlation between the decay times of the lignin fluorescence and its distribution within the cell wall. A new variety of lignin fluorescence states were accessed by two-photon excitation, which allowed an even broader, but complementary, optical characterization of lignocellulosic materials. These results suggest that the lignin arrangement in untreated bagasse fiber is based on a well-organized nanoenvironment that favors a very low level of interaction between the molecules.FAPESPCNP

Consequências metabólicas de diabetes gestacional na prole, uma mini revisão integrativa

Dentre fisiopatologias do período gestacional, a hiperglicemia que, para mães com predisposição ao Diabetes Mellitus, pode gerar Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG), o que pode prejudicar o feto em decorrência de alterações metabólicas. Identificar as possíveis alterações na prole como consequência de (DMG) foi o objetivo da pressente revisão integrativa de literatura com seguintes bases de dados: National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health (PUBMED) e Cochrane Library, selecionando-se artigos dos últimos 5 anos, do tipo de estudos clínicos aleatorizados e randomizados, texto completo, gratuito, à exceção de dois artigos, de 2007 e 2015 que contribuíram para discussão dessa revisão. Não incluso revisões, duplicados ou resultados inconclusos. Foram utilizados os descritores: diabetes gestacional e consequências. Inclui-se nessa mini revisão 5 artigos. A pesquisa propõe a importância do controle glicêmico por mães no período gestacional, em que os exames demonstraram alterações na fisiologia fetal, sendo as anormalidades mais frequentes observadas nos estudos as cardíacas, tais como, alterações nas ondas do eletrocardiograma e anormalidades na histologia dos tecidos. Nota-se também uma maior incidência de fetos prematuros e se observa que a prole de mães com DGM apresenta alterações que evidenciam tal condição hiperglicemiante na gestação, como o grande peso para idade gestacional, associado a com as alterações cardiológicas subclínicas. Os recentes relacionam a DGM a efeitos adversos na dos filhos. Mães com DMG, geram uma sobrecarga glicolítica nos fetos, ganham maior propensão a prematuridade, risco de sobrepeso futuro, principalmente em meninas, comprometimento da função cardíaca ligadas à macrossomia que podem acarretar futura insuficiência cardíaca. Portanto, converge-se no entendimento do aumento do risco da morbimortalidade em decorrência de alterações metabólicas devido a ocorrência de DGM. Sendo assim, é necessário um maior acompanhamento aos nascidos de mães com esta condição clínica e uma maior fundamentação da temática com dados científicos de caráter prospectivo