Cómo algunas barreras y cargas afectan la actividad emprendedora motivada por oportunidad y necesidad

Entrepreneurship has been regarded as an important input for the economic growth. It does not only fetch employment, which entails development, but also fosters innovation and productivity. Nevertheless, Entrepreneurs face many social, economic and political barriers and burdens. The aim of this paper is to find if there is a significant effect of these barriers and burdens on opportunity and necessity driven entrepreneurial activity in Latin American and the Caribbean countries. A sample of the available data for 12 countries was selected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database and Doing Business annual report. To evaluate the hypotheses, a panel data econometric model was used. As a result, there is a stronger negative impact on opportunity-driven than on necessity-driven entrepreneurship. The paper ends with some advice on policy decisions that could foster entrepreneurial activity in the region.El emprendimiento es considerado como insumo importante para el crecimiento económico, ya que a más de generar empleo, fomenta la innovación y la productividad. Sin embargo, los emprendedores enfrentan barreras y cargas sociales, económicas y políticas. El objetivo de este artículo es determinar si existe un efecto significativo de estas barreras y cargas en la actividad empresarial impulsada por las oportunidades y la necesidad en los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Para evaluar las hipótesis se seleccionó una muestra de los datos disponibles para 12 países de la base de datos Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) y el informe anual de Doing Business, y se elaboró un modelo econométrico de datos de panel. Como resultado, hay un impacto negativo más fuerte en el emprendimiento impulsado por las oportunidades que por la necesidad. Al final se aconseja sobre decisiones políticas que podrían fomentar la actividad empresarial en la región

How do some “barriers” and “burdens” affect opportunity and necessity driven entrepreneurial activity

Entrepreneurship has been regarded as an important input for the economic growth. It does not only fetch employment, which entails development, but also fosters innovation and productivity. Nevertheless, Entrepreneurs face many social, economic and political barriers and burdens. The aim of this paper is to find if there is a significant effect of these barriers and burdens on opportunity and necessity driven entrepreneurial activity in Latin American and the Caribbean countries. A sample of the available data for 12 countries was selected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database and Doing Business annual report. To evaluate the hypotheses, a panel data econometric model was used. As a result, there is a stronger negative impact on opportunity-driven than on necessity-driven entrepreneurship. The paper ends with some advice on policy decisions that could foster entrepreneurial activity in the region. CITACIÓN: Flores Yagual, G. A., Parra Garcés, J. C., & Reyes Soriano, M. Á. (2017). How do some “barriers” and “burdens” affect opportunity and necessity driven entrepreneurial activity. Podium, 32, 44–60. doi:10.31095/podium.2017.32.4 ENLACE DOI: https://doi.org/10.31095/podium.2017.32.

Twenty years of ground-based NDACC FTIR spectrometry at Izaña Observatory - overview and long-term comparison to other techniques

High-resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar observations are particularly relevant for climate studies, as they allow atmospheric gaseous composition and multiple climate processes to be monitored in detail. In this context, the present paper provides an overview of 20 years of FTIR measurements taken in the framework of the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) from 1999 to 2018 at the subtropical Izaña Observatory (IZO, Spain). Firstly, long-term instrumental performance is comprehensively assessed, corroborating the temporal stability and reliable instrumental characterization of the two FTIR spectrometers installed at IZO since 1999. Then, the time series of all trace gases contributing to NDACC at IZO are presented (i.e. C2H6, CH4, ClONO2, CO, HCl, HCN, H2CO, HF, HNO3, N2O, NO2, NO, O3, carbonyl sulfide (OCS), and water vapour isotopologues H162O, H182O, and HD16O), reviewing the major accomplishments drawn from these observations. In order to examine the quality and long-term consistency of the IZO FTIR observations, a comparison of those NDACC products for which other high-quality measurement techniques are available at IZO has been performed (i.e. CH4, CO, H2O, NO2, N2O, and O3). This quality assessment was carried out on different timescales to examine what temporal signals are captured by the FTIR records, and to what extent. After 20 years of operation, the IZO NDACC FTIR observations have been found to be very consistent and reliable over time, demonstrating great potential for climate research. Long-term NDACC FTIR data sets, such as IZO, are indispensable tools for the investigation of atmospheric composition trends, multi-year phenomena, and complex climate feedback processes, as well as for the validation of past and present space-based missions and chemistry climate models.The Izaña FTIR station has been supported by the German Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) via DLRunder grants 50EE1711A and by the Helmholtz Society via the research program ATMO. In addition, this research was funded by the European Research Council under FP7/(2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement nº 256961 (project MUSICA), by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the project MOTIV (GeschaFTIRzeichen SCHN 1126/2-1), by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad from Spain through the projects CGL2012-37505 (project NOVIA) and CGL2016-80688-P (project INMENSE), and by EUMETSAT under its Fellowship Programme (project VALIASI)

Izaña Atmospheric Research Center. Activity Report 2019-2020

Editors: Emilio Cuevas, Celia Milford and Oksana Tarasova.[EN]The Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), which is part of the State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), is a site of excellence in atmospheric science. It manages four observatories in Tenerife including the high altitude Izaña Atmospheric Observatory. The Izaña Atmospheric Observatory was inaugurated in 1916 and since that date has carried out uninterrupted meteorological and climatological observations, contributing towards a unique 100-year record in 2016. This reports are a summary of the many activities at the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center to the broader community. The combination of operational activities, research and development in state-of-the-art measurement techniques, calibration and validation and international cooperation encompass the vision of WMO to provide world leadership in expertise and international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology and related environmental issues.[ES]El Centro de Investigación Atmosférica de Izaña (CIAI), que forma parte de la Agencia Estatal de Meteorología de España (AEMET), representa un centro de excelencia en ciencias atmosféricas. Gestiona cuatro observatorios en Tenerife, incluido el Observatorio de Izaña de gran altitud, inaugurado en 1916 y que desde entonces ha realizado observaciones meteorológicas y climatológicas ininterrumpidas y se ha convertido en una estación centenaria de la OMM. Estos informes resumen las múltiples actividades llevadas a cabo por el Centro de Investigación Atmosférica de Izaña. El liderazgo del Centro en materia de investigación y desarrollo con respecto a las técnicas de medición, calibración y validación de última generación, así como la cooperación internacional, le han otorgado una reputación sobresaliente en lo que se refiere al tiempo, el clima, la hidrología y otros temas ambientales afines

IV Foro Internacional de Ganadería Sustentable: conectividad ecosistémica y articulación territorial hacia la Agenda 2030

En este espacio plural de análisis y reflexiones, buscamos articular conceptos y posibilidades para los territorios de montaña del centro de México, dando importancia a medios de vida vinculados a la ganadería y su interacción ecosistémica, fundamentado en innovaciones, casos de éxito e iniciativas emblemáticas nacionales e internacionales. La socialización de experiencias es uno de los pilares para transitar hacia la sostenibilidad de los sistemas productivos ganaderos: compartir logros e iniciativas, crear sinergias e identificar vulnerabilidades desde distintos enfoques.GIZ, Agencia de Cooperación Aleman

Universidad y sociedad: comunicación e integración en empresas e instituciones públicas y organizaciones no lucrativas. Nuevas orientaciones

Proyecto de Innovación docente 2021Depto. de Teorías y Análisis de la ComunicaciónFac. de Ciencias de la InformaciónFALSEsubmitte

How do some “barriers” and “burdens” affect opportunity and necessity driven entrepreneurial activity

Entrepreneurship has been regarded as an important input for the economic growth. It does not only fetch employment, which entails development, but also fosters innovation and productivity. Nevertheless, Entrepreneurs face many social, economic and political barriers and burdens. The aim of this paper is to find if there is a significant effect of these barriers and burdens on opportunity and necessity driven entrepreneurial activity in Latin American and the Caribbean countries. A sample of the available data for 12 countries was selected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database and Doing Business annual report. To evaluate the hypotheses, a panel data econometric model was used. As a result, there is a stronger negative impact on opportunity-driven than on necessity-driven entrepreneurship. The paper ends with some advice on policy decisions that could foster entrepreneurial activity in the region.CITACIÓN: Flores Yagual, G. A., Parra Garcés, J. C., & Reyes Soriano, M. Á. (2017). How do some “barriers” and “burdens” affect opportunity and necessity driven entrepreneurial activity. Podium, 32, 44–60. doi:10.31095/podium.2017.32.4ENLACE DOI: https://doi.org/10.31095/podium.2017.32.4

Increased Incidence of Stroke, but Not Coronary Heart Disease, in Elderly Patients With Sleep Apnea. Role of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment

[Background and Purpose] The influence of age on the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the incidence of hard cardiovascular events remains controversial. We sought to analyze the relationship between OSA and the incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease in a large cohort of elderly patients, as well as to investigate the role of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in these associations.[Methods] Post hoc analysis of a prospective observational study of consecutive patients ≥65 years studied for OSA suspicion at 2 Spanish University Hospitals. Patients with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) <15 were the reference group. OSA was defined by an AHI ≥15 and classified as untreated (CPAP not prescribed or compliance <4 hours/day), mild-moderate (AHI 15–29), untreated severe (AHI ≥30), and CPAP-treated (AHI ≥15 and CPAP compliance ≥4 hours/day).[Results] 859 and 794 elderly patients were included in the stroke and coronary heart disease analyses, respectively. The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 72 (50–88.5) and 71 (51.5–89) months, respectively. Compared with the reference group, the fully adjusted hazard ratios for the incidence of stroke were 3.42 (95% CI, 1.37–8.52), 1.02 (95% CI, 0.41–2.56), and 1.76 (95% CI, 0.62–4.97) for the untreated severe OSA group, CPAP-treated group, and untreated mild-moderate OSA group, respectively. No associations were shown between any of the different OSA groups and coronary heart disease incidence.[Conclusions]The incidence of stroke, but not coronary heart disease, is increased in elderly patients with untreated severe OSA. Adequate CPAP treatment may reduce this risk