De la mujer latinoamericana y el trabajo

Dentro del marco de la cátedra virtual para la integración latinoamericana, que durante este semestre abarcó el tema de la desigualdad en Latinoamérica. En el presente trabajo de investigación grupal nos hemos propuesto indagar sobre el papel que desempeña la mujer latinoamericana, en principio notamos que lo que nos separa y en algunos puntos desiguala, es la distinción entre hombres y mujeres. Optamos por inmiscuirnos en lo que representa la mujer de manera individual y social en Latinoamérica gracias a observaciones que cada uno de los integrantes en este proyecto se percataron. Sabemos que el tema de género siempre es controversial y algunas veces se ve con desprecio o con prejuicios debido a que existen antecedentes sociales que se han encargado de ayudar al sujeto en la construcción de opiniones vagas y pobres acerca de este tema, esto implica la urgencia de tratados sobre este tema, tomando en cuenta que "la primera forma de discriminación social y la más notoria es el género. Las mujeres de todas las edades y clases sociales y de todos los tipos de hogar por lo regular están supeditadas a los hombres de su comunidad o grupo social" (Marta Torres: 2001). Esperamos que la realización de esta breve investigación y reflexión sea de ayuda para todos aquellos a quienes les interese la temática o la contextualización de nuestro problema a tratar

Programa de terapias ecuestres para niños con discapacidad intelectual desde terapia ocupacional

Este programa de intervención tiene como objetivo, el mejorar la capacidad de desempeño para aumentar la autonomía de los usuarios a través de las terapias ecuestres, desde la perspectiva de terapia ocupacional, basándonos en el modelo de ocupación humana, y en el de integración sensorial, en niños con discapacidad intelectual

Adenosine A2A and A3 Receptors Are Able to Interact with Each Other. A Further Piece in the Puzzle of Adenosine Receptor-Mediated Signaling

The aim of this paper was to check the possible interaction of two of the four purinergic P1 receptors, the A2A and the A3. Discovery of the A2A-A3 receptor complex was achieved by means of immunocytochemistry and of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. The functional properties and heteromer print identification were addressed by combining binding and signaling assays. The physiological role of the novel heteromer is to provide a differential signaling depending on the pre-coupling to signal transduction components and/or on the concentration of the endogenous agonist. The main feature was that the heteromeric context led to a marked decrease of the signaling originating at A3 receptors. Interestingly from a therapeutic point of view, A2A receptor antagonists overrode the blockade, thus allowing A3 receptor-mediated signaling. The A2A-A3 receptor heteromer print was detected in primary cortical neurons. These and previous results suggest that all four adenosine receptors may interact with each other. Therefore, each adenosine receptor could form heteromers with distinct properties, expanding the signaling outputs derived from the binding of adenosine to its cognate receptors

Pot-Pollen and Pot-Honey from Stingless Bees of the Alto Balsas, Michoacán, Mexico: Botanical and Physicochemical Characteristics

The demand for stingless bees’ products (pot-honey and pot-pollen) has increased. No formal quality standards have been defined, which is very complex, because of the variety of species and types of honey specific to each region. For this reason, it is important to deepen the understanding of stingless bees’ honey characteristics. From the above, the aim of this chapter is to present the advances in the characterization of botanical origin of stingless bees’ honey, and the analysis of their physicochemical properties in the Alto Balsas, Michoacán, Mexico, as a way to contribute to the strengthening of new local economic strategies, generating information on the quality of the honey produced in the region

ACTIVIDADES PARA DARLE TRATAMIENTO A LAS TRADICIONES ORALES EN EL PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZA APRENDIZAJE DE LA HISTORIA DE CUBA

This article proposes activities for the treatment of Oral Traditions in the teaching-learning process of the History of Cuba in Preuniversity Education. It takes into consideration the criteria of prominent cuban and foreign pedagogues who have investigated the subject. For its development, it was started from the materialist dialectic of history and other theoretical references that allow determinig the relationship between teaching, learning, as well as the development of the personality of students of Preuniversity Education. It aspires to an increase in motivation, protagonism and the historical and comprehensive education of twelfth grade students; as well as the achievement by the teacher, with his performance and forms of comunication of a more dynamic and developing class.El presente artículo propone actividades para el tratamiento de las Tradiciones Orales en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la Historia de Cuba en la Educación Preuniversitaria. Toma en consideración criterios de destacados pedagogos cubanos y extranjeros que han investigado el tema. Para su desarrollo, se partió de la dialéctica materialista de la historia y de otros referentes teóricos que permiten determinar la relación existente entre la enseñanza, el aprendizaje, así como el desarrollo de la personalidad de los estudiantes de la Educación Preuniversitaria. Se aspira a un incremento de la motivación, protagonismo y la educación histórica e integral de los estudiantes de duodécimo grado; así como el logro por parte del profesor, con su actuación y formas de comunicación de una clase más dinámica y desarrolladora

Muscle Quality and Functional and Conventional Ratios of Trunk Strength in Young Healthy Subjects: A Pilot Study

Background: The trunk strength conventional ratio (CR) has been evaluated. However, the functional ratio and the ratio of strength to body weight (BW) or muscle mass (MM) have been poorly explored. Relative strength is a measure of muscle quality. Objectives: To analyze the trunk strength ratio normalized by BW and MM and compare the trunk's conventional and functional ratios collected in isokinetic and isometric conditions. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy males (21.48 +/- 2.08 years, 70.22 +/- 7.65 kg) were evaluated for trunk isometric and isokinetic strength using a functional electromechanical dynamometer. Results: The extensor's strength was greater than the flexors, with a CR of 0.41 +/- 0.10 to 0.44 +/- 0.10. Muscle quality was higher in eccentric contraction and high velocity for flexors and extensors. The functional flexor ratio (FFR) ranged between 0.41 +/- 0.09 and 0.92 +/- 0.27. The functional extensor ratio (FER) ranged between 2.53 +/- 0.65 and 4.92 +/- 1.26. The FFR and FER showed significant differences between velocities when considering the peak strength (p = 0.001) and mean strength (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Trunk extensors were stronger than the flexors; thus, the CR was less than one. Muscle quality was higher at a high velocity. Unlike CR, FFR and FER behaved differently at distinct velocities. This finding highlights the need to explore the behavior of the functional ratio in different populations.DGI-University Andres Bello DI-08-CBC/22FEDER/Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities-State Research Agency RTI2018-099723-B-I0

The regulatory environment and financial constraints of private firms in the European Union

This study analyzes the influence of the institutional environment on firms' capital structure in the European Union (EU). Unlike other research, we focus on private firms and include data from all EU countries from 2010 to 2018. We split the sample into groups of small and large firms, which we consider financially constrained and unconstrained, respectively. Throughout the study, we posit that institutional effects on financing policies vary with size, with the effects being greater for constrained firms as they face more financing frictions. We also run regression models controlling for firm-level characteristics and relevant macroeconomic factors. Our findings reveal that a high-quality regulatory environment negatively affects firms' leverage, whereas social corruption has the opposite effect. Moreover, the efficiency of enforcing commercial contracts and developing the financial system positively influences firms' leverage

Soil greenhouse gas emissions and crop production with implementation of alley cropping in a Mediterranean citrus orchard

The implementation of alley cropping in orchards has been suggested as a sustainable strategy to increase farmer revenues by crop diversification, enhance soil organic matter (SOM) and fertility, water retention, overall biodiversity, and contribute to climate change mitigation. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess if alley cropping with annual crops can contribute to i) mitigate soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, ii) enhance C sequestration in a semiarid Mediterranean irrigated citrus orchard, and iii) increase land productivity. For this, two different treatments were established: i) conventional mandarin monoculture (MC) with no alley cropping; and ii) mandarin diversified with alley cropping of barley/vetch and fava bean (DIV). Measurements of soil CO2 and N2O emissions were periodically performed (every 7–20 days) during two years. Soil CO2 emission rates followed the soil moisture trend, and showed no significant differences between treatments. As an average, soil CO2 emission rates were 147 mg m-2 h-1 in MC and 196 mg m-2 h-1 in DIV. Soil N2O emission rates were not correlated to soil moisture nor temperature, and showed average values of 0.026 mg m-2 h-1 in MC and − 0.002 mg m-2 h-1 in DIV. Alley cropping did not contribute to significantly increase soil organic C and total nitrogen in two years’ time. With regard to production, mandarin yield showed no significant differences between treatments, but alley crops contributed to complementary commodities to the main cash crop, increasing overall land productivity. Thus, alley cropping in irrigated Mediterranean orchards has no significant effect on soil C sequestration and GHG emissions at short-term, with increased land productivity owing to new commodities grown in the alleys. These results confirm that under semiarid Mediterranean climate, long periods are needed to efficiently assess soil C sequestration potential of sustainable practices in orchards.This work was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 Project Diverfarming [Grant agreement 728003]. Raúl Zornoza acknowledges the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the “Ramón y Cajal” Program [RYC-2015-18758]

A unified non-linear energy dissipation-based plastic-damage model for cyclic loading

A new energy-dissipation-based rate-independent constitutive law within the framework of elastoplasticity coupled with damage is proposed. With this methodology, the inelastic strains and the stiffness degradation exhibited by quasi-brittle materials under monotonic or cyclic loading conditions are taken into account. The proposed constitutive model is able to capture micro-cracks closure-reopening effects due to load reversal. A wide variety of hardening/softening laws on the stress–strain relationship are described and considered for the novel normalized plastic-damage energy dissipation internal variable. This normalized internal variable allows the model to be independent on the sign of the load and dissipate different fracture energies (tensile, compressive and potentially shear) in a natural way. Several numerical examples are presented in order to ensure the efficiency and validity of the proposed model for simulating the non-linear behaviour of quasi-brittle materials under monotonic and cyclic loading. Some numerical aspects of the implemented algorithm and the return mapping procedure are also described in detail and discussed.This work has been done within the framework of the Fatigue4Light (H2020-LC-GV-06-2020) project: “Fatigue modelling and fast testing methodologies to optimize part design and to boost lightweight materials deployment in chassis parts”. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101006844. The work has been also supported by the Spanish Government program FPU17/04196. The authors gratefully acknowledge all the received support. Finally, acknowledge the support received by the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence (2019–2023) under the grant CEX2018-000797-S funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version