Economic Incentives and Social Preferences: A Preference-based Lucas Critique of Public Policy

Policies and explicit private incentives designed for self-regarding individuals sometimes are less effective or even counterproductive when they diminish altruism, ethical norms and other social preferences. Evidence from 51 experimental studies indicates that this crowding out effect is pervasive, and that crowding in also occurs. A model in which self-regarding and social preferences may be either substitutes or complements is developed and evidence for the mechanisms underlying this non-additivity feature of preferences is provided. The result is a preference-based analogue to the Lucas Critique restricting feasible implementation to allocations that are supportable given the effect of incentives on preferences.public goods, behavioural experiments, social preferences, second best, motivational crowding, explicit incentives

Spanish in the Workplace

Language in America is, and has always been, as diverse as the American population. Never has one language been the sole language of America. However, it is a common belief that English is America’s official language. This misconception has caused issues throughout America, and this essay will discuss how this misconception affects Spanish speakers in the workplace. It will also discuss how implementing English-only policies in the workplace not only hurts Spanish-speaking employees, but how it hurts American business, as well. The sources that have been used throughout the essay range from The United States Business Bureau, The Department of Labor, court cases of Spanish-speaking employees suing against discrimination, Pew Research Center, various reports of the continuously growing Spanish-speaking population, to Benjamin Franklin. From this research, it can be concluded that Spanish in the workplace is necessary and essential for the growth of American business and prompts diversity in various ways. Since America is experiencing a growth in a minority that has normally been disrespected, it is normal for Americans to want to prevent changes from happening; however, this hesitation toward the changing of America is harmful and prevents the growth of America as a whole

Función jurisdiccional de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud

Con el presente escrito se pretende exponer la competencia de conciliación y sobre todo jurisdiccional de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud, de conformidad con la normatividad actual y la jurisprudencia relevante al respecto. Para ello se expondrá lo relacionado con la legitimación constitucional de dichas atribuciones, las materias cuya competencia fueron asignadas a esta entidad, el trámite o proceso que debe seguir y los medios de impugnación que proceden contra las providencias que se profieran en el desarrollo del mismo.This paper seeks to explain the jurisdiction of Colombia’s National Health Authority (Superintendencia Nacional de Salud) in conciliation and principally in judicial issues, in accordance with current regulations and relevant case law. Matters relating to the constitutionality of such powers are discussed, along with the subjects over which this entity was given authority, the procedure or process to be followed, and the means of contesting orders from the National Health Authority that are issued as part of this process

Helping the Helpers: Altruism As A Rational Choice of Donors to A Students Voluntary Organization

Altruism, understood as the individual disposition to sacrifice personal income to improve someone else´s income can be a rational choice strategy which responds to different motivations, incentives and institutions, in a consistent way with the donor´s optimization logic. In this article we extend the Andreoni and Miller´s experimental design (2002) using a modified Dictator game and we applied it to 470 students from several universities and different majors, years of study and level of income who can donate part of their income to the Bella Flor Foundation (http://www.bellaflor.org/), a real nonprofit organization founded by a group of college students whose mission is to promote the integral development of the children from Bella Flor, Paraíso and Mirador neighborhoods through social activities in education, health care, recreation, and exalting human values". We test the consistency of the player´s decisions with the axioms of revealed preferences, and with the effects of relative prices and income. We also evaluate the violation of consistency of the axioms and estimate the demand functions for altruism towards this charity, with policy implications related to the optimal design for fundraising strategies. Our results confirm that a significant fraction of individuals show consistent decisions, i.e. that donations to these charities behave as "normal goods" in price and income effects and with rather small number of violations of the axioms of revealed preferences. However, the experimental data suggests that revealing the identity of the donor can decrease altruism and induce more violations of the axioms of consistent behavior mentioned."altruism, experimental economics, consistency, GARP, Charity, dictator game, Bella Flor.

Megaesófago por Miastenia gravis adquirida en un bóxer

La misatenia gravis (MG) es una enfermedad autoinmune, se presenta con frecuencia en perros; uno de los hallazgos que se asocian a la enfermedad es el megaesofago, es indispensable a través del conocimiento clínico de la enfermedad y la realización de pruebas complementarias como imagenologia, laboratorio y pruebas inmunológicas accesibles, que los clínicos se acerquen en la medida de lo posible al diagnostico de la enfermedad, esto con el objetivo de que los pacientes tengan una mejoría a través de un tratamiento médico justificado para MG. Se presenta el caso de un bóxer hembra con signologia asociada a MG cuya evolución ha sido favorable

Economic incentives and social preferences: A reference-based Lucas critique of public policy

Policies and explicit incentives designed for self-regarding individuals sometimes are less effective or even counterproductive when they diminish altruism, ethical norms and other social preferences. Evidence from 51 experimental studies indicates that this crowding out effect is pervasive, and that crowding in also occurs. A model in which self-regarding and social preferences may be either substitutes or complements is developed and evidence for the mechanisms underlying this non-additivity feature of preferences is provided. The result is a preference-based analogue to the Lucas Critique restricting feasible implementation to allocations that are supportable given the effect of incentives on preferences

Implicancias para la salud y apoyo institucional en mujeres docentes jubiladas

The objectives of this article were to deepen in the experiences of fifteen retired female teachers during their health–illness process; to investigate how they value their state of health, what strategies they implemented, and what institutional support was received. The methodology used was the qualitative paradigm, with Heidegger´s phenomenological–hermeneutic approach, which proposes an interpretative phenomenology from the intersubjectivity between the researcher and the retired women, through semi-structured in-depth interviews.Among the main findings, it stands out that most of the interviewees did not seek medical attention when they were working and when they retired, they were diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, and thyroid cancer, among others. Several teachers continue to work, stating that they still feel productive. UNAN University has policies to support all retired teachers. Most of them did not have a life project, being necessary for the university to have a support plan for women teachers in the pre-retirement stage. Therefore, there should be a health approach aimed at pre-retirees and retirees, promoting healthy lifestyles and biannual medical checkups, which will strengthen the line of research on the elderly.Este artículo tiene como objetivo profundizar en las vivencias de quince docentes jubiladas, durante el proceso de salud-enfermedad; indagar cómo valoran su estado de salud, cuáles estrategias realizaron y cuál ha sido el apoyo institucional recibido. Se utilizó como metodología el Paradigma cualitativo, con el enfoque fenomenológico- hermenéutica de Heidegger, quien propone una fenomenología interpretativa desde la intersubjetividad entre la investigadora y las jubiladas, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a profundidad.Entre los principales hallazgos destaca que la mayoría de entrevistadas no buscaron atención médica cuando laboraban y al jubilarse fueron diagnosticadas con diabetes, hipertensión, cáncer de tiroides, entre otras. Varias docentes siguen laborando, refiriendo que aún se sienten productivas. La UNAN tiene políticas de apoyo a todos los docentes jubilados. La mayoría no tenía un proyecto de vida, siendo necesario que la universidad tenga un plan de apoyo para las mujeres docentes en etapa de prejubilación. Por lo tanto, debe existir un enfoque salubrista dirigido a las prejubiladas y jubiladas, promoviendo estilos de vida saludable y chequeo médico semestral, lo que permitirá fortalecer la línea de investigación del adulto mayor