La Percepción de los Trabajadores en España de la Normativa del Sistema Público de Pensiones

Durante las ultimas decadas, la edad media de jubilacion de los trabajadores en los paises desarrollados se ha reducido notablemente. Una cuestion discutida, sin embargo, es si esta conducta de jubilacion es consecuencia o no de la normativa que rige los sistemas publicos de pensiones. Si esta conducta es consecuencia, principalmente, de dicha normativa, esto indica que los trabajadores la conocen y la comprenden. Caso contrario, entonces los trabajadores no la conocen, o la conocen pero no la comprenden. En este trabajo, analizamos la normativa del sistema publico de pensiones en Espa˜na, y en base a ella, obtenemos una conducta teorica optima de jubilacion, dadas las caracterisicas individuales del trabajador. Posteriormente, analizamos la conducta empirica de jubilaci´on de los trabajadores en Espa˜na. Encontramos que esta conducta empir´ica es similar a la conducta teorica, con lo cual concluimos que los trabajadores de edad avanzada si conocen y entienden la normativa del Sistema Publico Espa˜nol de Pensiones.jubilacion, conducta optima, analisis empirico

Mt. Carmel Shade Structure

The Mt. Carmel Shade Structure incorporated the efforts of students practicing Architectural Engineering and Construction Management disciplines. The project consisted of designing, engineering and constructing a steel frame structure for the benefit of Mt. Carmel Church and its associated preschool

Patrimonial liability of the state to the co-judges for judicial delay: analysis of the jurisprudential criteria of the high courts

El presente trabajo de grado, tiene como como estudio la figura del conjuez, su naturaleza, la forma de pago frente a la responsabilidad patrimonial del estado, la inclusión de un capítulo en el código general del proceso que regule el tema de los conjueces, sobre su naturaliza, funciones y remuneración. En este trabajo se exponen las diferentes tesis sobre el tema, tanto como la de la corte constitucional, como la del consejo de estado, siendo esta última a tener en cuenta.Universidad Libre Seccional Socorro -- Facultad de derecho, ciencias políticas y sociales -- Maestría en derecho administrativothe present thesis studies the figure of the co-judge, its nature, the form of payment in the face of the patrimonial responsibility of the state, the inclusion of a chapter in the general code of the process that regulates the issue of the co-judges, on their naturalization, functions and remuneration. in this work, the different theses on the subject are exposed, both that of the constitutional court and that of the council of state, the latter being to be taken into account

Tasa de valorización de los envases y embalajes de madera en España en 2020

[ES] En este trabajo de fin de máster, se lleva a cabo la tasa de valorización de los envases y embalajes de madera en España en 2020. Consiste en realizar un muestreo con las empresas consultadas que trabajen con madera para saber cuanta es la cantidad aproximada que se reutiliza, se recupera y se valoriza la madera en España. En primer lugar, se definen los aspectos básicos del proyecto, se hace el estudio con las empresas por medio de encuestas, llamadas telefónicas y correos, se recopilan los datos que se obtienen de las empresas y se procede a calcular las respectivas tasas nombradas anteriormente. Finalmente, este proyecto se desarrolla en las oficinas de la Federación Española del Envase de Madera y sus Componentes en Valencia, España. El proyecto se corresponde con el departamento de medio ambiente.[EN] In this master's thesis, the valuation rate of wooden containers and packaging in Spain in 2020 is carried out. It consists of carrying out a sampling with the companies consulted that work with wood to find out how much is the approximate quantity that wood is reused, recovered and valued in Spain. First, the basic aspects of the project are defined, the study is carried out with the companies through surveys, telephone calls and emails, the data obtained from the companies is collected and the respective rates mentioned above are calculated. Finally, this project is developed in the offices of the Spanish Federation of Wood Packaging and its Components in Valencia, Spain. The project corresponds to the environment departmentContreras Reyes, AJ. (2021). Tasa de valorización de los envases y embalajes de madera en España en 2020. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/175587TFG

Non-oxidative methane conversion in microwave-assisted structured reactors

The main problem to be addressed in the valorization of methane under non-oxidative conditions (MNOC) is to reduce or even avoid coke formation. In this work we report the use of microwave-assisted heating for MNOC. We have developed a system able to heat-up a Mo-ZSM5 catalyst coated on silicon carbide monolith that could operate stable for at least 19¿h at reaction conditions, 700°C. We demonstrate that under MW-heating the selectivity shifts to C2s and benzene. In contrast, the operation under conventional heating (CH) produces more coke and polyaromatics. The selective microwave heating has two effects in this reaction: i) during the activation of the catalyst the formation of the active catalytic species of Mo2C inside the microporous support is different affecting the selectivity and product distribution; ii) a gas-solid temperature gradient is established that prevents the formation of coke from PAHs in the gas phase. The MNOC process under controlled MW heating at high space velocity (3000¿mL/gcat·h) gives a hydrocarbon yield of around 6% with a very low deactivation rate. These results open up new possibilities for process intensification using alternative sources of energy, as is the case of microwaves, for heating structured catalytic reactors

Seeing is not always believing: Crop loss and climate change perceptions among farm advisors

As climate change is expected to significantly affect agricultural systems globally, agricultural farm advisors have been increasingly recognized as an important resource in helping farmers address these challenges. While there have been many studies exploring the climate change belief and risk perceptions as well as behaviors of both farmers and agricultural farm advisors, there are very few studies that have explored how these perceptions relate to actual climate impacts in agriculture. Here we couple survey data from United States Department of Agriculture farm service employees (n = 6, 514) with historical crop loss data across the United States to explore the relationship of actual climate-related crop losses on farm to farm advisor perceptions of climate change and future farmer needs. Using structural equation modelling we find that among farm advisors that work directly with farms on disaster and crop loss issues, there is a significant positive relationship between crop loss and perceived weather variability changes, while across all farm advisors crop loss is associated with reduced likelihood to believe in anthropogenic climate change. Further, we find that weather variability perceptions are the most consistently and highly correlated with farm advisors\u27 perceptions about the need for farm adaptation and future farmer needs. These results suggest that seeing crop loss may not lead to climate change belief, but may drive weather variability perceptions, which in turn affect farm adaptation perceptions. This lends further evidence to the debate over terminology in climate change communication and outreach, suggesting that weather variability may be the most salient among agricultural advisors

Assessing agricultural risk management using historic crop insurance loss data over the Ogallala Aquifer

Much of the agricultural production in the Ogallala Aquifer region relies on groundwater for irrigation. In addition to declining water levels, weather and climate-driven events affect crop yields and revenues. Crop insurance serves as a risk management tool to mitigate these perils. Here, we seek to understand what long-term crop insurance loss data can tell us about agricultural risk management in the Ogallala. We assess patterns and trends in crop insurance loss data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Risk Management Agency. Indemnities, or insurance payments, totaled $22 billion from 1989–2017 for the 161 counties that overlie the Ogallala Aquifer. We focused on the top ten weather and climate-driven causes of crop loss for the Ogallala, which comprised at least 92% of total indemnities. Drought, hail, and heat were the leading causes of crop loss for the region, and varied over space and time. For example, drought is a significant cause of loss across all seasons, while hail is more prevalent in the spring and summer. Spatially heterogeneous patterns emerged showing larger hail indemnities in the northern Ogallala versus larger drought indemnities in the southern portion. We performed a Mann-Kendall trend analysis of county-level annual loss cost values (the ratio of indemnities to liabilities). Drought and excess moisture showed significant increasing loss cost trends in the western counties of the Ogallala. In contrast, hail showed significant decreasing trends in the northern and eastern portions. These results suggest the northern counties of the Ogallala may perceive hail as a greater risk, and may be better equipped to handle drought losses as compared with the southern Ogallala. Crop insurance loss data play a role in integrating long-term trends with near-term management practices, and providing relevant risk information in producers’ operational to tactical decision making processes

Optical Enhancement of Exoskeleton-Based Estimation of Glenohumeral Angles

In Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation (RAR) the accurate estimation of the patient limb joint angles is critical for assessing therapy efficacy. In RAR, the use of classic motion capture systems (MOCAPs) (e.g., optical and electromagnetic) to estimate the Glenohumeral (GH) joint angles is hindered by the exoskeleton body, which causes occlusions and magnetic disturbances. Moreover, the exoskeleton posture does not accurately reflect limb posture, as their kinematic models differ. To address the said limitations in posture estimation, we propose installing the cameras of an optical marker-based MOCAP in the rehabilitation exoskeleton. Then, the GH joint angles are estimated by combining the estimated marker poses and exoskeleton Forward Kinematics. Such hybrid system prevents problems related to marker occlusions, reduced camera detection volume, and imprecise joint angle estimation due to the kinematic mismatch of the patient and exoskeleton models. This paper presents the formulation, simulation, and accuracy quantification of the proposed method with simulated human movements. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the method accuracy to marker position estimation errors, due to system calibration errors and marker drifts, has been carried out. The results show that, even with significant errors in the marker position estimation, method accuracy is adequate for RAR

Maturity method to predict the evolution of the properties of sprayed concrete

The maturity method provides a simple approach for assessing the strength evolution of concrete. Although it is already used in the precast industry, no reported applications with sprayed concrete may be found in the literature. Such concrete presents singular characteristics due to the spraying process and, in some cases, due to the introduction of accelerators that modify the kinetics of cement hydration. Consequently, the traditional equations that relate the evolution of mechanical properties and the maturity index might not apply in this case. The objective of this study is to adapt the maturity method to sprayed concrete. An experimental program was conducted with 24 concrete mixes sprayed in laboratory and tested for the evolution of temperature and compressive strength. An alternative equation was proposed to relate the maturity index and the mechanical properties. Subsequently, finite element models were developed to generalize the maturity curves considering the local design parameters.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft