The recent demographic dynamics in the Sierra Morena of Córdoba

La Sierra de Córdoba constituye un ámbito espacial diferenciado en la provincia y en el conjunto de Andalucía. Los habitantes de los espacios mariánicos son el elemento básico en la ocupación de ese territorio, caracterizado por un marcado carácter rural. El estudio de la dinámica demográfi ca reciente de los espacios mariánicos y las diferencias regionales que presenta constituye el objetivo principal del presente trabajo.The Sierra de Cordoba is a distinct spatial area in the province and the whole of Andalusia. The people of mariánicos spaces are the basic element in the occupation of that territory, characterized by a strong rural character. The study of recent population dynamics of mariánicos spaces and regional differences, is the main objective of this work, with trying to identify possible inequalities and concomitants both regional and county differences. The demographic variables orused to characterize recent developments in mariánicos spaces are: the general evolution of the population in absolute and relative terms, crude birth rates and mortality, total fertility rate, infant mortality and vegetative growth. The study of the human component of the settlement will begin from the mid-twentieth century. The starting date is justified because the 50s mark a turning point in demographic trends that began rising from mid-nineteenth century, since different regions of the Sierra de Cordoba will suffer an exodus of migration, unprecedented in its history, which will result in a drastic reduction of its strength, reaching in some of them more than a half thereof. This phenomenon was not unique to our area, but it is common in inland areas and in the mountains of Andalusia. As we know it was motivated by a set of facts of a socioeconomic nature-related crisis in the agricultural sector determined by the low yields, poor ownership structure and the attraction that woult hold certain areas of immigration on the basis of new economic incentives. The immediate circumstances that compel the exodus of the population can relate dependence on a primary agriculture sector, mining, and poor development of the area in relation to the rest of the country. More specifically we have to emphasize the influence the decline a agricultural productivity compounded by the almost absolute predominance of rainfed crops on a lower soil component, together with extensive practices and a low level of mechanization. This acted to the detriment of the income levels of the laborers and small landowners who were driven-forced to emigration. On the other hand, the high natural increase recorded since the beginning of the century, except for the parentheses of the Civil War, to the led-headed mariánicas counties towards a situation of overcrowding of employees who had no place in farming or mining, and in decline from the previous decade. The important migratory flow was generated in the mariánicas regions, like so many others produced in the Spanish territory not only assumed the depopulation of large areas but also a profound change in the relations of the population with the territory. The changes affect not only agricultural structures but also the settled areas and habitat types, especially in the case of permanent migration flows. The almost complete loss of the spread settlement, the reduction in all entities of population, including the municipal, heading caused an irreparable loss in manpower and an aging in the population structure, a situation which in practice meant the isolation of a part of the territory and the loss of weight in the regional and provincial economy. We can say that the fi nal step that completes the process of modernization of the population from Córdoba mountain ton has the peculiarity that it is an acceleration produced as a result of the effects of population aging and reduced fertility. Until the fifties there was a clear relationship between economic development and demographic transition which were modified by the various components of the natural movement of the population. Since the fifties the phenomenon of migration alters the relationship between economic development and demographic transition, reaching a demographic similar to those of more developed regions although for some different causes more characteristic of underdeveloped areas. In conclusion the natural dynamics of the Sierra de Cordoba may be summarized in the period covered by the second half of the twentieth century saying that positive growth of the fifties led to the emigration of the decades that immediately followed, while such migration was the cause of altering the structure of age in population that fi nally resulted in a dynamic population whose most characteristic feature was the involution of the same one. The mountain town that had experienced the last stages of demographic transition during much of the twentieth century debated in recent years of that century and the beginning of this one with a burden of an exceptionally low population growth and a relatively stable migration net resulted in a continuous flow of people out of their counties. On the other hand, a group of foreign immigrants in increasing numbers, although hesitant to the same extent that economic stagnation is more evident. A situation that raises more questions than answers regarding the future evolution, composition and structure of the population, which establishes the relations of production and determines not only the different economic exploitation but also the pattern of settlement and an important agricultural component in landscapes as a rural environment. The reduction in the agricultural workforce as a result of such an outfl ow and the rationalization of farming and agricultural practices has meant in practice an abandonment of the settlement of many mountain villages and a signifi cant loss of rural habitat, not only of buildings but also traditions and agricultural uses that were the livelihood of an exceptionally rich traditional architecture. Regarding the immediate future, it seems reasonable that they will not produce any news worthy of consideration with regard to various demographic variables: low birth and death will increase as a consequence of the aging population although life expectancy at birth will rise. Therefore, the medium growth to long term population depends very specifically on the input and output flows of immigrants, given that internal migration tends to stabilize, the arrival of immigrants takes on a particular relevance in the indisputable evolution of Andalusian population, but not as munch as in the province of Córdoba, let alone mariánicos spaces. So, all these circumstances draw an impossible generational replacement capacity, ie a regressive or stationary population situation in the Sierra de Córdoba, given the evolution of various demographic variables analyzed and the already negative projections that exist for the Córdoba area

Proyecto ICARUS. Sistema de comunicación GPRS.

El presente proyecto desarrolla el sistema de comunicación de un UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). Los UAVs son aviones no tripulados con aplicaciones tanto en el ámbito militar como civil. El objetivo que pretendemos alcanzar es el desarrollo de un sistema para la transferencia de datos desde el UAV a través de la red GPRS, el cual se situará dentro del avión junto con los dispositivos de control del mismo. Estudiamos la infraestructura de la red GPRS y los diferentes protocolos de software que nos permitirán establecer la comunicación. Además se diseña el hardware necesario para tal fin. Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto ICARUS, en el cual se desarrollan diversos sistemas que se integrarán dentro de un UAV

High-accuracy adaptive modeling of the energy distribution of a meniscus-shaped cell culture in a Petri dish

Cylindrical Petri dishes embedded in a rectangular waveguide and exposed to a polarized electromagnetic wave are often used to grow cell cultures. To guarantee the success of these cultures, it is necessary to enforce that the specific absorption rate distribution is sufficiently high and uniform over the Petri dish. Accurate numerical simulations are needed to design such systems. These simulations constitute a challenge due to the strong discontinuity of electromagnetic material properties involved, the relative low field value within the dish cultures compared with the rest of the domain, and the presence of the meniscus shape developed at the liquid boundary. The latter greatly increases the level of complexity of the model in terms of geometry and intensity of the gradients/singularities of the field solution. In here, we employ a three-dimensional (3D) hp-adaptive finite element method using isoparametric elements to obtain highly accurate simulations. We analyze the impact of the geometrical modeling of the meniscus shape cell culture in the hp-adaptivity. Numerical results showing the error convergence history indicate the numerical difficulties arisen due to the presence of a meniscus-shaped object. At the same time, the resulting energy distribution shows that to consider such meniscus shape is essential to guarantee the success of the cell culture from the biological point of view

Goal-oriented self-adaptive hp-strategies for finite element analysis of electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems

In this paper, a fully automatic goal-oriented hp-adaptive finite element strategy for open region electromagnetic problems (radiation and scattering) is presented. The methodology leads to exponential rates of convergence in terms of an upper bound of an user-prescribed quantity of interest. Thus, the adaptivity may be guided to provide an optimal error, not globally for the field in the whole finite element domain, but for specific parameters of engineering interest. For instance, the error on the numerical computation of the S-parameters of an antenna array, the field radiated by an antenna, or the Radar Cross Section on given directions, can be minimized. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated with several numerical simulations with two dimensional problem domains. Results include the comparison with the previously developed energy-norm based hp-adaptivity

Método de Elementos Finitos hp con Adaptabilidad Automática Orientada a un Objetivo para Problemas Abiertos en 2D

In this paper, we describe a fully automatic goaloriented hp-adaptive Finite Element strategy, which is applied to open problems (radiation and scattering). The methodology produces exponential convergence rates in terms of an upper bound of an user-prescribed quantity of interest (in our case, the S-parameter, the far radiated field or far scattering field) against the problem size (number of degrees of freedom). We illustrate the efficiency of the method with 2D numerical simulations of open problems (radiation and scattering). Applications include the far scattering (radiated) field by an object (antenna) and the computation of mutual coupling of the antennas (S-parameters). Results show that self-adaptive goal-oriented hp obtains more accuracy in the quantity of interest than self-adaptive energynorm hp with the same number of degrees of freedom

An interface between an hp-adaptive finite element package and the pre- and post-processor GiD

An interface between GiD, the interactive graphical user interface used for numerical simulations, developed at the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) of the Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña and the Geometrical Modeling Package (GMP) of the fully automatic hp-adaptive finite element (FE) software, developed at the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES) of the University of Texas at Austin, is presented. GiD is used to construct a tessellation of the problem domain into FE-like regions (blocks in GMP terminology), and the interface obtains and transfers all the topological and geometrical information to GMP. Then, GMP automatically constructs a parameterization for each FE-like region of the GMP mesh, which later can be used to generate the actual FE-mesh and support geometry updates during mesh refinements

Una Semilla en el Desierto / A seed in the dessert

A partir de una experiencia personal en el tribunal de evaluación del Trabajo Fin de Máster en la Facultad de Bellas Artes de Cuenca reflejo mecanismos y comportamientos propios de las relaciones de poder de la institución Universitaria. Relaciones jerárquicas que van más allá de la de tribunal-investigador, extendiéndose a la atención dedicada a los temas expuestos en el trabajo y el modo de abordarlos.A seed in the dessertFrom personal experience in court assessment Master’s Thesis at the Faculty of Fine Arts of Cuenca own reflection mechanisms and power relations of the university behaviors. Hierarchical relationships that go beyond the court -investigator , extending to the attention given to the issues raised in the workplace and how to address the