10 research outputs found

    EMERGÊNCIA DE PLANTAS DANINHAS EM FUNÇÃO DA POSIÇÃO DA SEMENTE E QUANTIDADE DE PALHA DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

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    O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes densidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar e do posicionamento das sementes de Euphorbia heterophylla, Mucuna cinereum, Digitaria nuda e Eleusine indica sobre a emergência e o desenvolvimento inicial das plantas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 15 tratamentos e quatro repetições distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 5 com testemunha adicional; o primeiro fator foi constituído pelas posições das sementes em relação a palha (abaixo, entre e sobre) e o segundo pelas quantidades de palha (1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 t ha -1) e a testemunha sem palha. Aos 15 dias após a semeadura (DAS) foram realizadas avaliações de altura, massa seca da parte aérea e porcentagem de emergência para E. heterophylla e M. cinereum e, aos 28 DAS, avaliações de massa seca da parte aérea e porcentagem de emergência para D. nuda e E. indica. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste F na análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas com o auxílio do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Constatou-se que a emergência e o desenvolvimento inicial de E. heterophylla e M. cinereum foram reduzidos com o aumento da quantidade de palha e foram afetados com o posicionamento das sementes, mas não foram inibidos em nenhuma das condições, indicando uma maior agressividade destas daninhas em condições de colheita mecanizada. Já a emergência de espécies D. nuda e E. indica não sofreu interferência do posicionamento da semente e a cobertura do solo com 8 e 16 t ha -1 de palha de cana inibiu a emergência de suas plântulas.germinação. ABSTRACT This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw density and positions of seeds of Euphorbia heterophylla, Mucuna cinereum, Digitaria nuda and Eleusine indica on emergence and initial development of plants. The experiment were arranged in a completely randomized design, with 15 treatments and four replications, in a factorial arrangement 3 x 5 with a additional control; the first factor was constituted by position of seeds related to the straw (under, between and on) and the second by five quantities of straw (1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 t ha -1) with a control without straw. At 15 days after sowing (DAS) it was realized evaluations of height, dry mass and emergence percentage for E. heterophylla and M. cinereum, and at 28 DAS it was analyzed dry mass and emergence percentage for D nuda e E. indica. Data obtained were submitted to F in variance analysis test and means were compared with Tukey at 5% probability. Emergence and initial development of E. heterophylla e M. cinereum were reduced with increasing of straw and were affected by seed position, but it was not inhibited in none of conditions, indicating aggressiveness of these weeds in sugarcane mechanized harvest conditions. D. nuda and E. indica emergence was not affected by seed position and coverage soil with 8 e 16 t ha -1 of sugarcane straw inhibited its emergence

    Interação genótipo vs formas de inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense em milho

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    O milho é um dos principais cereais cultivados em todo território mundial, é utilizado como fonte para alimentação humana, animal e como matéria prima para a indústria. Trata-se de uma cultura bastante influenciada pelo nitrogênio, o qual é considerado fundamental para o aumento de produtividade de grãos. Há a necessidade de incorporar tecnologias para a racionalização e conscientização do uso dos fertilizantes nitrogenados. Uma das alternativas é a utilização de bactérias diazotróficas capazes de disponibilizar o nitrogênio para a planta de milho, possibilitando o incremento na produtividade de grãos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de interação da inoculação com a bactéria do gênero Azospirillum brasilense em diferentes genótipos de milho, na ausência e na presença de nitrogênio em cobertura, para diferentes caracteres agronômicos. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, utilizando diferentes genótipos de milho, formas de inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. Avaliou-se a produtividade de grãos, os componentes da produção e os caracteres da planta. Observou-se efeito da inoculação para a produtividade de grãos na ausência de nitrogênio, enquanto que para os outros caracteres este efeito variou de acordo com a dose de nitrogênio utilizada em cobertura. Os caracteres produtividade de grãos e teor de nitrogênio apresentaram interação genótipo vs formas de inoculação significativa na ausência de nitrogênio em cobertura e os caracteres altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, índice relativo de clorofila e posição relativa da espiga na presença de nitrogênio em cobertura. Como a resposta à inoculação varia em função dos genótipos, é interessante delinear programas de melhoramento para o desenvolvimento de genótipos mais responsivosMaize is one of the most important cereals grown worldwide and it is used as a source for human and animal food and as feedstock for industry. It is a culture heavily influenced by nitrogen, wich one is considered essential for increasing the grain yield. It is necessary to incorporate technologies to rationalize and to become aware of the use of nitrogen fertilizers. One alternative is the use of diazotrophic bacteria, wich one is able to provide nitrogen for the maize plant enabling the increasing in grain yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of interaction of the inoculation with bacteria of the genus Azospirillum brasilense in different maize genotypes in the absence and presence of topdressing nitrogen for different agronomic traits. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized block designed. It was used different maize genotypes under different doses of topdressing nitrogen and inoculation forms of Azospirillum brasilense. The grain yield, yield components and plant traits were evaluated. In the absence of topdressing nitrogen, it was observed effect of the inoculation for the grain yield. However, for the other agronomic traits, the effect of the inoculation varied according to the doses of topdressing nitrogen. The grain yield and nitrogen content showed significance of the interaction genotype vs forms of inoculation in the absence of topdressing nitrogen and plant height, culm diameter, relative chlorophyll index and relative position of the ear, showed the interaction in the presence of nitrogen topdressing. The inoculation varies in function of the genotypes, so it is interesting to delineate breeding programs for the development of more responsive genotype

    Genetic variability in popcorn synthetic population

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    The Brazilian popcorn has low genetic variability and the successful development of advanced lines, new popcorn cultivars with high grain yield (GY) and expansion volume (PE) is dependent on parental selection and precise determination of heterotic groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic variability and identify heterotic groups in synthetic populations of popcorn, using diallel crosses. Thus, nine synthetic populations were crossed using complete diallel scheme. The GY and PE traits of 36 hybrids and reciprocals were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with 72 treatments and two replicates in two years. The effects of non-additive genes were the most important in the genetic control of these traits, indicating a favorable situation to produce hybrids. The reciprocal effect is mainly due to non-maternal effects for GY and PE. The highest GY values were obtained for the 02 x 08, 04 x 09, 05 x 09, and 01 x 09 crosses and the highest PE were obtained for the 07 x 01 and 03 x 04 crosses. The exploitation of synthetic populations from S3 lines can be an alternative to increase the genetic variability for grain yield and popping expansion in popcorn breeding programs.

    Seed quality, chlorophyll content index and leaf nitrogen levels in maize inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense

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    ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate differences between maize genotypes in relation to the germination response of the seeds and the growth of seedlings inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense, as well as the effect of inoculation on nitrogen levels and the chlorophyll content index of the leaves. The physiological seeds quality from the single-cross hybrids AG7098 and 2B707, and from the experimental synthetic varieties V2 and V4, inoculated with A. brasilense, was tested for germination, percentage and rate of emergence, and dry matter weight of the shoots and roots. Nitrogen levels and chlorophyll content index were evaluated in leaves of the same four genotypes grown in a greenhouse under different nitrogen supply systems and methods of inoculation with A. brasilense. The genotypes differ with regard to inoculation with A. brasilense. The hybrids were responsive to inoculation with A. brasilense for root dry matter weight. The V2 variety had a lower performance as regards root dry matter weight, with the opposite being seen for the dry matter weight of the shoots. V4 displayed no significant differences when inoculated. The results of the chlorophyll content index were not significant. Each genotype under evaluation displayed a different response for leaf nitrogen levels. It is possible to infer that the hybrids responded better to inoculation with the bacteria, with the greater root development leading to a better utilisation of water and nutrients

    Seed quality, chlorophyll content index and leaf nitrogen levels in maize inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense

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    The aim of this study was to evaluate differences between maize genotypes in relation to the germination response of the seeds and the growth of seedlings inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense, as well as the effect of inoculation on nitrogen levels and the chlorophyll content index of the leaves. The physiological seeds quality from the single-cross hybrids AG7098 and 2B707, and from the experimental synthetic varieties V2 and V4, inoculated with A. brasilense, was tested for germination, percentage and rate of emergence, and dry matter weight of the shoots and roots. Nitrogen levels and chlorophyll content index were evaluated in leaves of the same four genotypes grown in a greenhouse under different nitrogen supply systems and methods of inoculation with A. brasilense. The genotypes differ with regard to inoculation with A. brasilense. The hybrids were responsive to inoculation with A. brasilense for root dry matter weight. The V2 variety had a lower performance as regards root dry matter weight, with the opposite being seen for the dry matter weight of the shoots. V4 displayed no significant differences when inoculated. The results of the chlorophyll content index were not significant. Each genotype under evaluation displayed a different response for leaf nitrogen levels. It is possible to infer that the hybrids responded better to inoculation with the bacteria, with the greater root development leading to a better utilisation of water and nutrients.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferenças entre genótipos de milho quanto à resposta germinativa das sementes e crescimento de plântulas inoculadas com Azospirillum brasilense, assim como o efeito da inoculação no teor de nitrogênio e índice de conteúdo de clorofila foliar. A qualidade fisiológica de sementes dos híbridos simples, AG7098 e 2B707, e das variedades sintéticas experimentais, V2 e V4, inoculados com A. brasilense foi avaliada por meio de testes de germinação, porcentagem e velocidade de emergência e, massa de matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz. O teor de nitrogênio e o índice de conteúdo de clorofila foram avaliados em folhas dos mesmos quatro genótipos cultivados em casa de vegetação sob diferentes sistemas de fornecimento de nitrogênio e formas de inoculação com A. brasilense. Os genótipos diferem em relação à inoculação com A. brasilense. Os híbridos foram responsivos à inoculação com A. brasilense para massa de matéria seca de raiz. A variedade V2 apresentou comportamento inferior quanto à massa de matéria seca de raiz, mas o contrário foi observado para massa de matéria seca de parte aérea, e V4 não apresentou diferenças significativas quando inoculada. Os resultados de índice de conteúdo de clorofila não foram significativos. Para teor de nitrogênio foliar, cada genótipo avaliado respondeu de maneira particular. É possível inferir que os híbridos avaliados responderam melhor à inoculação com a bactéria, sendo que o maior desenvolvimento de raízes leva ao maior aproveitamento de água e nutrientes.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

    Emergência de plantas daninhas em função da posição da semente e quantidade de palha de cana-de-açúcar

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    This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw density and positions of seeds of Euphorbia heterophylla, Mucuna cinereum, Digitaria nuda and Eleusine indica on emergence and initial development of plants. The experiment were arranged in a completely randomized design, with 15 treatments and four replications, in a factorial arrangement 3 x 5 with a additional control; the first factor was constituted by position of seeds related to the straw (under, between and on) and the second by five quantities of straw (1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 t ha -1) with a control without straw. At 15 days after sowing (DAS) it was realized evaluations of height, dry mass and emergence percentage for E. heterophylla and M. cinereum, and at 28 DAS it was analyzed dry mass and emergence percentage for D nuda e E. indica. Data obtained were submitted to F in variance analysis test and means were compared with Tukey at 5% probability. Emergence and initial development of E. heterophylla e M. cinereum were reduced with increasing of straw and were affected by seed position, but it was not inhibited in none of conditions, indicating aggressiveness of these weeds in sugarcane mechanized harvest conditions. D. nuda and E. indica emergence was not affected by seed position and coverage soil with 8 e 16 t ha -1 of sugarcane straw inhibited its emergenceO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes densidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar e do posicionamento das sementes de Euphorbia heterophylla, Mucuna cinereum, Digitaria nuda e Eleusine indica sobre a emergência e o desenvolvimento inicial das plantas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 15 tratamentos e quatro repetições distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 5 com testemunha adicional; o primeiro fator foi constituído pelas posições das sementes em relação a palha (abaixo, entre e sobre) e o segundo pelas quantidades de palha (1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 t ha -1) e a testemunha sem palha. Aos 15 dias após a semeadura (DAS) foram realizadas avaliações de altura, massa seca da parte aérea e porcentagem de emergência para E. heterophylla e M. cinereum e, aos 28 DAS, avaliações de massa seca da parte aérea e porcentagem de emergência para D. nuda e E. indica. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste F na análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas com o auxílio do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Constatou-se que a emergência e o desenvolvimento inicial de E. heterophylla e M. cinereum foram reduzidos com o aumento da quantidade de palha e foram afetados com o posicionamento das sementes, mas não foram inibidos em nenhuma das condições, indicando uma maior agressividade destas daninhas em condições de colheita mecanizada. Já a emergência de espécies D. nuda e E. indica não sofreu interferência do posicionamento da semente e a cobertura do solo com 8 e 16 t ha -1 de palha de cana inibiu a emergência de suas plântulas.germinação. ABSTRACT This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw density and positions of seeds of Euphorbia heterophylla, Mucuna cinereum, Digitaria nuda and Eleusine indica on emergence and initial development of plants. The experiment were arranged in a completely randomized design, with 15 treatments and four replications, in a factorial arrangement 3 x 5 with a additional control; the first factor was constituted by position of seeds related to the straw (under, between and on) and the second by five quantities of straw (1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 t ha -1) with a control without straw. At 15 days after sowing (DAS) it was realized evaluations of height, dry mass and emergence percentage for E. heterophylla and M. cinereum, and at 28 DAS it was analyzed dry mass and emergence percentage for D nuda e E. indica. Data obtained were submitted to F in variance analysis test and means were compared with Tukey at 5% probability. Emergence and initial development of E. heterophylla e M. cinereum were reduced with increasing of straw and were affected by seed position, but it was not inhibited in none of conditions, indicating aggressiveness of these weeds in sugarcane mechanized harvest conditions. D. nuda and E. indica emergence was not affected by seed position and coverage soil with 8 e 16 t ha -1 of sugarcane straw inhibited its emergence

    Emergência de plantas daninhas em função da posição da semente e quantidade de palha de cana-de- açúcar

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    This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw density and positions of seeds of Euphorbia heterophylla, Mucuna cinereum, Digitaria nuda and Eleusine indica on emergence and initial development of plants. The experiment were arranged in a completely randomized design, with 15 treatments and four replications, in a factorial arrangement 3 x 5 with a additional control; the first factor was constituted by position of seeds related to the straw (under, between and on) and the second by five quantities of straw (1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 t ha -1) with a control without straw. At 15 days after sowing (DAS) it was realized evaluations of height, dry mass and emergence percentage for E. heterophylla and M. cinereum, and at 28 DAS it was analyzed dry mass and emergence percentage for D nuda e E. indica. Data obtained were submitted to F in variance analysis test and means were compared with Tukey at 5% probability. Emergence and initial development of E. heterophylla e M. cinereum were reduced with increasing of straw and were affected by seed position, but it was not inhibited in none of conditions, indicating aggressiveness of these weeds in sugarcane mechanized harvest conditions. D. nuda and E. indica emergence was not affected by seed position and coverage soil with 8 e 16 t ha -1 of sugarcane straw inhibited its emergence

    Genética na escola

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    Humans has always been interested in genetics for many years, and their study is very important for developing better plants and animals. In 2008 it was added to the curriculum of the Brazilian high school some issues about genetics. Unesp of Jaboticabal has several courses in which genetics is a compulsory subject. For this reason, the project Genetics at School was developed to transmit practical knowledge of genetic to third year high school students. The topics covered for the classes will be: reproduction of the species (sexual and asexual), heredity, Mendel's laws, sex-linked inheritance, blood incompatibility groups, genetic code: DNA and RNA, paternity tests (electrophoresis), biotechnology and genetically modified organisms, genetic improvement and "general curiosities", being taught through classes with the aid of powerpoint and other resources. During the first half, as well as preparation of lessons and teaching materials, schools consultation was made to check availability and interest, and these four signaled positively. In the second half the lessons related to the proposed topics will be taught from September.O homem sempre se interessou pela genética desde muitos anos, e seu estudo é muito importante para desenvolvimento de plantas e animais melhores. No ano de 2008 foi adicionado ao currículo do ensino médio brasileiro alguns assuntos sobre genética. A Unesp de Jaboticabal possui vários cursos em que genética é disciplina obrigatória. Por esse motivo, foi elaborado o projeto Genética na Escola para transmitir conhecimentos práticos da área aos alunos do terceiro ano do ensino médio. Os temas abordados para as aulas serão: reprodução das espécies (sexuada e assexuada), hereditariedade, Leis de Mendel, herança ligada ao sexo, grupos sanguíneos e incompatibilidade, código genético: DNA e RNA, testes de paternidades (eletroforese), biotecnologia e os organismos geneticamente modificados, melhoramento genético e "curiosidades gerais", sendo ministrado por meio de aulas com auxílio de Datashow e outros recursos. Durante o primeiro semestre, além da elaboração das aulas e materiais didáticos, foi feita consulta às escolas para verificar interesse e disponibilidade e, destas, quatro sinalizaram positivamente. No segundo semestre serão ministradas as aulas referente aos temas propostos, a partir de setembro.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES
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