Cortical feedback signals generalise across different spatial frequencies of feedforward inputs

Visual processing in cortex relies on feedback projections contextualising feedforward information flow. Primary visual cortex (V1) has small receptive fields and processes feedforward information at a fine-grained spatial scale, whereas higher visual areas have larger, spatially invariant receptive fields. Therefore, feedback could provide coarse information about the global scene structure or alternatively recover fine-grained structure by targeting small receptive fields in V1. We tested if feedback signals generalise across different spatial frequencies of feedforward inputs, or if they are tuned to the spatial scale of the visual scene. Using a partial occlusion paradigm, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) we investigated whether feedback to V1 contains coarse or fine-grained information by manipulating the spatial frequency of the scene surround outside an occluded image portion. We show that feedback transmits both coarse and fine-grained information as it carries information about both low (LSF) and high spatial frequencies (HSF). Further, feedback signals containing LSF information are similar to feedback signals containing HSF information, even without a large overlap in spatial frequency bands of the HSF and LSF scenes. Lastly, we found that feedback carries similar information about the spatial frequency band across different scenes. We conclude that cortical feedback signals contain information which generalises across different spatial frequencies of feedforward inputs

Pengaruh Pelaksanaan Sanksi Tata Tertib terhadap Disiplin Siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Tapung Hilir Kabupaten Kampar

This research is motivated by problems that arise from interviews conducted by researchers ie students in SMA Negeri 1 have a bad attitude of discipline. The school has made various rules or rules along with severe sanctions with point system and additional punishment, this is done to foster discipline in student. The purpose of this study to determine the effect of implementation of disciplinary sanctions on the discipline and effectiveness of the implementation of sanctions against student discipline in SMA Negeri 1 Tapung Hiir Kampar Regency. This research method using quantitative descriptive analysis, the data in the analysis by using simple linear regression. Based on the results of research can be concluded that the percentage of respondents' responses recapitulation answer about the effect of implementation of sanctions against student discipline in SMA Negeri 1 Tapung Hilir Kampar Regancy, The effect of sanctions on student discipline in SMA Negeri 1 Tapung Hilir Kabupaten Kampar is 63%. Implementation Effective sanctions in the formation of discipline. This can be seen from 64.4% of respondents who stated that the implementation of sanctions in SMA Negeri 1 Tapung Hilir Kampar Regency included in the category is quite good or quite effective

Pengaruh Lama Penyinaran Dan Komposisi Media Terhadap Mikropropagasi Tanaman Karet (Hevea Brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)

The aimed of the research to know the influence of photoperiod of rubber tree (Hevea Brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) in the different medium composition. The research was carried out in the Microcutting Laboratory, PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III Kebun Gunung Pamela Tebing Tinggi, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. The research began from March to July 2015. The research used completely randomized design with eighteen treathments and six replications. The results showed that interaction of photoperiod and medium with combination of growth regulators were significantly to percent of shoots. Photoperiod 24 h light and the medium of WPM + BAP 0,5 mg/l was the best medium to multiplication of rubber

Role of membrane lipids in the regulation of erythrocytic oxygen-transport function in cardiovascular diseases

The composition and condition of membrane lipids, the morphology of erythrocytes, and hemoglobin distribution were explored with the help of laser interference microscopy (LIM) and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have significant changes in the composition of their phospholipids and the fatty acids of membrane lipids. Furthermore, the microviscosity of the membranes and morphology of the erythrocytes are altered causing disordered oxygen transport by hemoglobin. Basic therapy carried out with the use of antiaggregants, statins, antianginals, beta-blockers, and calcium antagonists does not help to recover themorphofunctional properties of erythrocytes. Based on the results the authors assume that, for the relief of the ischemic crisis and further therapeutic treatment, it is necessary to include, in addition to cardiovascular disease medicines, medication that increases the ability of erythrocytes’ hemoglobin to transport oxygen to the tissues. We assume that the use of LIM and Raman spectroscopy is advisable for early diagnosis of changes in the structure and functional state of erythrocytes when cardiovascular diseases develop

Penambahan Ragi terhadap Multiplikasi Subkultur Tunas Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L.) secara In Vitro

Garcinia mangostana L. is a species tropical forest that has many benefit. The benefitmangosteen for human life makes it worth as commodity in International market. This aimed to knowing the influence of addition some yeast concentration for bud multiplication of mangosteen and to getting the best yeast concentration for bud multiplication of mangosteen. The research took place in Sylviculture Laboratory at Tanjungpura University for 2 month. The data analyzed to usecompletely randomized design (CRDwith analysis of variance and followed HSD test. There are five treatments given those are R0= Control 0%, R1 = addition yeast with concentration 8%, R2 = addition yeast with concentration 10%, R3 = addition yeast with concentration 12% and R4 = addition yeast with concentration 14% with 6 repplications so there are 30 explants. For the whole, the parameters observedwere the first times callus and sproud appear, the counts of explants had callus, sproud,browning or constant and the percentation of explants growth. HSD showed thatthe treatments has significantlyinfluence the growth of mangosteen explants. In this study the best result is R1 = addition yeast with concentration 8% where the number of shoots produced as many as 16 buds. Base on it, yeast with concentration 8% give a good influence for the mangosteen explants in vitro. Keywords : Garcinia mangostana., Yeast, Multiplication and Subculture

Pengendalian Banjir pada Kawasan Mutiara Witayu Kecamatan Rumbai Pekanbaru

Regions Mutiara Witayu is an area with low ground, where not all runoff from rainwater can flow by gravity into the Siak River, when the high tide happen on Siak River during the rainy season there will be some back waters, so the water that should be drainaged to Siak River become overflow. This study aims to determine the capacity of the pump to serve the existing flood volume. From the calculation of flood volume that can be accommodated by the reservoir is at 5050, 876 m3. To overcome the flood in the area Mutiara Witayu completely due to R5, R10 and R25 without causing inundation by using a pump with a capacity of 6 m3 / sec. The using of 5 m3 /sec pump\u27s power can be used to solve the flood due to R5, R10 and R25 in the Regions Mutiara Witayu with 2908.981 m3 storage capacity will be required

Bacterial Cellulose/Alginate Nanocomposite for Antimicrobial Wound Dressing

Development of novel wound dressing has attracted more and more attentions in recent years. Bacterial cellulose is a biopolymer of great potentials, which features a distinctive three-dimensional structure consisting of an ultrafine network of cellulos nanofibers. In the present study, nanocomposite bacterial cellulose films modified in situ by the addition of alginate during the static cultivation of Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans B-11267 were produced and then enriching the polymer with an antimicrobial agent tetracycline hydrochloride. The structure of bacterial cellulose and nanocomposite was analyzed by AFM and FTIR. The FTIR spectra displayed the specified interaction between the hydroxyl group of cellulose and the carboxyl group of alginate. The produced bacterial cellulose and nanocomposite were analyzed to determine tensile modulus. The antibacterial activity of nanocomposites were investigated by disk diffusion method. The resulting nanocomposite have high antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and can be used in medicine as a wound dressing. Keywords: bacterial cellulose, Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans, alginate, nanocomposite, antibacterial activity, wound dressin

Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Mangkokan terhadap Penyembuhan Luka Bakar pada Tikus

Luka  bakar adalah bentuk kerusakan dan/atau kehilangan jaringan akibat kontak dengan sumber panas dan suhu tinggi (seperti api, air panas, dll) atau suhu yang sangat rendah. Kini sedang dikembangkan terapi luka bakar melalui pemberian topikal ekstrak herbal. Daun Mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium) adalah salah satu herbal yang dapat digunakan untuk terapi luka bakar.             Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak daun Mangkokan dalam bentuk sediaan salep terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar pada hewan uji yaitu tikus putih. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan melakukan proses ekstraksi daun Mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium), kemudian dilakukan skrining fitokimia untuk mengidentifikasi alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin. Lalu dibuat salep ekstrak daun Mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium) dengan konsentrasi 50% dan 75%. Hewan uji yaitu tikus putih, sebelumnya sudah dipersiapkan selama 1 minggu sehingga hewan uji mampu beradaptasi. Dilakukan pembuatan luka bakar pada bagian punggung kanan tikus. Selanjutnya dilakukan penyembuhan luka bakar, disiapkan 4 kelompok hewan uji yaitu: K1: tidak diberi perlakuan (kontrol negatif); K2: Diberikan sediaan bioplacenton (kontrol positif); K3: diberikan sediaan salep ekstrak daun Mangkokan konsentrasi 50%; K4: diberikan sediaan salep ekstrak daun Mangkokan konsentrasi 75%. Pengolesan dilakukan secara merata 2 kali sehari, pagi dan sore, kemudian ditutup dengan kassa steril. Luka diamati selama 21 hari, setiap 3 hari sekali dengan mengamati secara makroskopik. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian senyawa kimia terbukti bahwa ekstrak daun Mangkokan mengandung senyawa alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid dan tannin. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian pada hari ke-21, pada kelompok KI keropeng sudah terkelupas semua namun daerah yang terkelupas masih terlihat basah, bentuk ukuran mengecil, daerah bekas luka masih terlihat kotor. Pada kelompok K2 dan K3, keropeng sudah terkelupas dan kering, ukuran mengecil, dan pada K4 keropeng sudah tidak terlihat, warna hampir merata dan ukuran sudah jauh lebih mengecil, bekas luka lebih bersih. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa salep ekstrak daun Mangkokan mempercepat penyembuhan luka bakar pada tikus putih

Physical and chemical processes and the morphofunctional characteristics of human erythrocytes in hyperglycaemia

Background: This study examines the effect of graduated hyperglycaemia on the state and oxygen-binding ability of hemoglobin, the correlation of phospholipid fractions and their metabolites in the membrane, the activity of proteolytic enzymes and the morphofunctional state of erythrocytes. Methods: Conformational changes in the molecule of hemoglobin were determined by Raman spectroscopy. The structure of the erythrocytes was analyzed using laser interference microscopy (LIM). To determine the activity of NADN-methemoglobinreductase, we used the P.G. Board method. The degree of glycosylation of the erythrocyte membranes was determined using a method previously described by Felkoren et al. Lipid extraction was performed using the Bligh and Dyer method. Detection of the phospholipids was performed using V. E. Vaskovsky method. Results: Conditions of hyperglycaemia are characterized by a low affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen, which is manifested as a parallel decrease in the content of hemoglobin oxyform and the growth of deoxyform, methemoglobin and membrane-bound hemoglobin. The degree of glycosylation of membrane proteins and hemoglobin is high. For example, in the case of hyperglycaemia, erythrocytic membranes reduce the content of all phospholipid fractions with a simultaneous increase in lysoforms, free fatty acids and the diacylglycerol (DAG). Step wise hyperglycaemia in incubation medium and human erythrocytes results in an increased content of peptide components and general trypsin-like activity in the cytosol, with a simultaneous decreased activity of µ-calpain and caspase 3. Conclusions: Metabolic disorders and damage of cell membranes during hyperglycaemia cause an increase in the population of echinocytes and spherocytes. The resulting disorders are accompanied with a high probability of intravascular haemolysis.</p