Etnificación del mercado de trabajo agrícola en California, Estados Unidos y Sinaloa, México

This article develops the subject about the ethnification of the agricultural labor market in California, US and Sinaloa, Mexico. It shows historic data to prove that replacing workers by means of their ethnicity keeps their precarious living conditions, pliancy and labor segmentation. This strategy issues from the agribusiness in California at the beginning of the 20th century, as a mean of keeping low production costs by hiring specialized workers for harvesting and keeping them in precarious living conditions. On the second half of the 20th century, the same strategy is implemented in the State of Sinaloa, Mexico, under the same regulations as it was in California.El presente artículo desarrolla el tema de la etnificación del mercado de trabajo agrícola en California, EUA y Sinaloa, México. Presenta datos históricos que demuestran que la sustitución de trabajadores por medio de la etnicidad mantiene las condiciones de precariedad, flexibilidad y segmentación laboral. Esta estrategia surgió en la agroindustria de California a principios del siglo XX como una forma de mantener bajos los costos de producción, contratando trabajadores especializados en el levantamiento de cosechas, pero en condiciones de precariedad. Para la segunda mitad del siglo XX se implementa la misma estrategia en Sinaloa, bajo los mismos preceptos de California

Contemporary use of cefazolin for MSSA infective endocarditis: analysis of a national prospective cohort

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the real use of cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infective endocarditis (IE) in the Spanish National Endocarditis Database (GAMES) and to compare it with antistaphylococcal penicillin (ASP). Methods: Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis of a cohort of MSSA IE treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Outcomes assessed were relapse; intra-hospital, overall, and endocarditis-related mortality; and adverse events. Risk of renal toxicity with each treatment was evaluated separately. Results: We included 631 IE episodes caused by MSSA treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Antibiotic treatment was cloxacillin, cefazolin, or both in 537 (85%), 57 (9%), and 37 (6%) episodes, respectively. Patients treated with cefazolin had significantly higher rates of comorbidities (median Charlson Index 7, P <0.01) and previous renal failure (57.9%, P <0.01). Patients treated with cloxacillin presented higher rates of septic shock (25%, P = 0.033) and new-onset or worsening renal failure (47.3%, P = 0.024) with significantly higher rates of in-hospital mortality (38.5%, P = 0.017). One-year IE-related mortality and rate of relapses were similar between treatment groups. None of the treatments were identified as risk or protective factors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cefazolin is a valuable option for the treatment of MSSA IE, without differences in 1-year mortality or relapses compared with cloxacillin, and might be considered equally effective