1,122 research outputs found

    An Essay on the Emergence, Organization and Performance of Financial Markets: the case of the Alternative Investment Market

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    This work provides an overview of the historical evolution, the organizational forms, and the performances of the stock exchanges and market segments catering to small and growing companies, set up in Europe in the last thirty years. We mainly focus on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM), created by the London Stock Exchange in 1995. This case study yields useful insights about the role of public and private interests in market emergence and in shaping market architectures, the costs and benefits of light stock market regulation, and the use of stock markets to support technology-based small firms. A review of the existing empirical evidence shows that dimensional growth of the AIM has been fueled by companies characterized by low values of long-term returns, growth rates, R&D productivity and solvency.Public equity, Market emergence, Market design, Alternative Investment Market, High-tech, Small firms

    Social structure and reputation: the NASDAQ case study

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    In 1996, two investigations conducted by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the American Department of Justice reported non-competitive practices among market makers on the NASDAQ. These reports also mentioned the influence of the NASDAQ social structure on market makers' behaviours. Most market makers adopted social norms in order to increase significantly their income at the expense of the customers. This paper aims to explain the rise and long-term effects of non-competitive practices, through the integration of a concrete view of "embeddedness" (Granovetter, 1985). We propose the use of game theory tools to achieve this goal. A rereading of Kreps' model of reputation sheds light on its structural dimension and illustrates the way social structure governs individual behaviours.NASDAQ, non-competitive behaviours, embeddedness, social structure, game theory, reputation, trust

    Performance, competition and the dynamics of rules: the case of a financial market

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    This article explores the issue of the failure of the French New Market, a French Financial market, in the light of the dynamics of organisational rules between 1996 and 2005. The French New Market (FNM) was created in 1996 in order to finance European growing firms. After its creation, this market successively expanded, declined and finally disappeared in 2005. The dynamics testifies a lack of consistency and relevance in the rules during this period, given the identity and of the FNM. More generally, we show that rules changes shed light on how such a market functions, and also attest as to whether it flourishes or encounters difficulties

    An essay on the emergence, organization and performance of financial markets : the case of the Alternative Investment Market

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    Working LEM papers, n°15, http://www.lem.sssup.it/wplem.htmlWorking LEM papers, n°15, http://www.lem.sssup.it/wplem.htm

    Innovation contests and the role of Public Agencies in the US: an institutional approach

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    International audienceThe economic literature on Intellectual Property and more especially on patents has been expanded since several decades, as consequence of the vertiginous growth of the number of patents all over the world (See for instance, Boldrin et Levine, 2013). If patents illustrate an ancient innovation incentive mecanism, other institutional arrangements have coexisted with IP throughout the centuries. Several historical works put in light the role of procurement contracts and innovation contests in the emergence of major innovations, especially in the 19 century (David 1993). An innovation contest or a prize can be defined as "challenge by one party (a seeker) to a third party or parties (a solver) to identify a solution to a particular problem or reward contestants for accomplishing a particular goal" (Challenge.Gov). The winner of this competition receives a prize which may be monetary or non monetary. Since the 90s, one can observe a growth of innovation contests, especially in the US, through the sponsorship of private but also public organizations such as federal agencies. The aim of this article is to highlight and analyze the origin of this renewed interest of the US federal state for the prize. Firstly, if the standard economic scholars consider a contest as an alternative tool to a patent, this approach cannot explain in a satisfactory way the involvement of the US federal agencies in the prizes. Relying on an institutional approach, and especially Innovation System's approach, we show that prizes are not comparable to patents, because they vary in nature, and display both common and different properties vis Ă  vis patents. In order to identify the properties of prizes, we rely on US grand challenges that have been studied in the literature and on the various reports and documents published by the administration of president Obama. Secondly, we explain that the nature and properties of prizes, allow federal agencies to launch prizes that combine technological, environment and society challenges, in order to guide innovations toward the majors goals identifies by the public authorities for the future. This article contributes to the economic literature on patents, in illustrating the fact that prizes and patents could not be strictly considered as alternatives, because of their different nature, but rather complementary in given circumstances. In this view, we made the choice to use an institutional framework in order to focus on the characteristics of contests. By using the functional approach of innovation system we aim to give an explanation of this phenomenon. We stand that prize system is a specific institutional tool which few properties and characteristics are different from patents. Public administration use prize in order to stimulate / induce innovation in special case. In this view we propose a complementary approach of patent and prize with a possible articulation

    Financing technology-based small firms in Europe: A review of the empirical evidence

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    This paper reviews the evidence on financing technology-based small firms (TBSFs) in Europe. The main findings in the literature are the 1) European TBSF's finance new investments by relying primarily on internal funds, due to capital market failures induced by asymmetric information; 2) European venture capital has caught up with US venture capital, but this ist mainly because of the growth in UK venture investments, and it is unclear whether European venture capital has been able to certify the quality and to enhance the growth of funded companies; 3) the development of trading in high-technology stocks has been limited, if compared with the NASDAQ: the so-called New Markets established in the Nineties have collapsed in the wake of the Internet bubble crash; 4) public venture capital and R&D tax incentives have positively affected high-tech firms, but more research is needed on the forms of public support and on their evaluation

    The creation function of a junior listing venue : an empirical test on the Alternative Investment Market

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    Working LEM papers, n°32, http://www.lem.sssup.it/wplem.htm

    Innocentive Un modÚle hybride d'innovation basé sur l'appel à la foule et l'Innovation Ouverte

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    National audienceLongtemps, l'innovation a Ă©tĂ© perçue comme un processus purement interne, conduit au sein de l'entreprise, cette derniĂšre la considĂ©rant comme un trĂ©sor Ă  faire fructifier et Ă  maintenir dans son pĂ©rimĂštre. En effet, durant les 19 Ăšme et 20 Ăšme siĂšcles, les firmes ont eu pour objectif de dĂ©velopper leur projet en interne, et de dĂ©tenir de maniĂšre exclusive les droits sur leur processus d'innovation et/ou de crĂ©ation. Or, depuis quelques dĂ©cennies, des entreprises innovantes appartenant Ă  des industries variĂ©es choisissent de plus en plus de faire appel Ă  leur environnement extĂ©rieur pour dĂ©velopper une partie de leurs innovations. L'enjeu est crucial : pour alimenter un processus d'innovation toujours risquĂ©, complexe, long et couteux, la R&D interne « seule » ne suffit plus. L'acquisition de connaissances externes, combinĂ©e aux activitĂ©s de R&D interne apparaĂźt alors comme un mĂ©canisme efficace pour accroĂźtre l'ensemble des connaissances technologiques produites par les entreprises, dans un contexte d'Innovation Ouverte (Open Innovation), aux fortes dimensions participatives et collaboratives. Cette alchimie associant dimension interne et externe a pris depuis plusieurs formes, visant Ă  assurer notamment la complĂ©mentaritĂ© des ressources : rĂ©seaux de partenaires – privĂ©s et /ou publics, accords de licences, coalitions ou partenariats autour de projets technologiques, clusters, pĂŽles de compĂ©titivitĂ© (Teece, 1986). L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser l'apparition d'une nouvelle configuration d'organisation de la recherche et de l'innovation portĂ©e par Internet. Le dĂ©veloppement sans prĂ©cĂ©dent du Web a conduit Ă  la mise en place de nouvelles structures d'intermĂ©diation visant Ă  accĂ©lĂ©rer la captation de savoirs externes par les entreprises. Innocentive, fondĂ©e en 2000, reprĂ©sente la premiĂšre plateforme d'intermĂ©diation mettant en relation des entreprises confrontĂ©es Ă  un problĂšme liĂ© Ă  leur recherche et des « apporteurs de solutions » du monde entier (Lakhani et al, 2007). Au travers d'une plateforme en accĂšs libre, des entreprises postent des « questions » technologiques (plus ou moins larges) et proposent pour chaque dĂ©fi, une prime afin de rĂ©compenser la meilleure solution proposĂ©e aprĂšs une pĂ©riode de concours. Nous montrons que l'originalitĂ© d'une telle plateforme provient de la nature du rĂŽle d'intermĂ©diation jouĂ© par les gestionnaires de la plateforme, qui ne se limite par Ă  un simple rĂŽle de mise en relation entre deux groupes d'acteurs, mais qui consiste Ă  extraire et transformer des savoirs acadĂ©miques en solutions opĂ©rationnelles pour des entreprises. Un second rĂ©sultat concerne les propriĂ©tĂ©s et caractĂ©ristiques d'Innocentive. Cette plateforme se distingue tant des communs au sens propre (logiciel libre, WikipĂ©dia..) que des formes multiples d'entreprises collaboratives et ouvertes dont Internet a permis l'essor. On la dĂ©signera comme un « hybride », naviguant entre innovation ouverte et innovation fermĂ©e, entre biens communs et biens privĂ©s. S'appuyant sur une communication autour de l'Innovation Ouverte, la plateforme utilise l'architecture de l'Internet (un commun) et des savoirs existants (dont certains sont de l'ordre du bien commun) pour assurer une marchandisation des connaissances et leur privatisation. L'un de ses traits centraux est ainsi de 2 s'appuyer sur des mĂ©canismes de « crowdsourcing » (externalisation ouverte faisant appel Ă  la foule des internautes) pour alimenter les processus d'innovations des firmes clientes et partenaires de la plateforme. La premiĂšre section met en lumiĂšre l'intermĂ©diation active proposĂ©e par Innocentive. La seconde section se focalise sur les caractĂ©ristiques de la plateforme Ă  travers le prisme de l'Open Innovation et de la notion de biens communs de la connaissance

    An essay on the emergence, organization and performance of financial markets: The case of the alternative investment market

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    Web 2.0 et Open Innovation : un regain d'intĂ©rĂȘt pour les concours d'innovation en ligne

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    International audienceLe Web 2.0 constitue la pierre angulaire pour l'intĂ©rĂȘt renouvelĂ© envers un dispositif d'incitation Ă  l'innovation : le concours. Ce dernier contribue en effet Ă  proposer une vitrine mondiale pour ce dispositif, via des sites et des plateformes qui n'ont eu de cesse de se dĂ©velopper depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 2000, fonctionnant sur le principe du crowdsourcing. Dans un contexte d'Open Innovation, les concours d'innovation sont mobilisĂ©s par deux types d'acteurs Ă©conomiques: des entreprises privĂ©es, mais aussi des agences publiques. En effet, parallĂšlement aux plateformes privĂ©es (Innocentiven Ninesigma
), un nombre croissant d'agences fĂ©dĂ©rales et d'organisations publiques amĂ©ricaines poste en ligne des concours via le site www.challenge.gov. Nous proposons une analyse comparative de l'utilisation des concours d'innovation par ces deux types d'acteurs. Dans le cas des plateformes privĂ©es, les concours contribuent Ă  une forme de marchandisation de la connaissance. La valeur marchande de la solution proposĂ©e et son degrĂ© d'appropriation par l'entreprise qui a lancĂ© le dĂ©fi, sont au coeur du dispositif. Les pouvoirs publics amĂ©ricains utilisent de leur cotĂ© les concours en ligne afin d'orienter les innovations vers des domaines jugĂ©s cruciaux pour l'avenir, trouver des solutions Ă  des dĂ©fis complexes mais aussi dans la plupart des cas, sensibiliser le public sur des thĂ©matiques spĂ©cifiques
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