Il trust nel diritto internazionale privato e processuale italiano

Questo elaborato è volto ad analizzare la disciplina internazionalprivatistica del trust e la crescente rilevanza che tale istituto di origine anglosassone sta avendo nel diritto di famiglia italiano. Dopo aver analizzato, nel primo capitolo, quali siano le caratteristiche fondamentali del trust nei suoi Paesi di origine (riconducibili ai sistemi di common law), e in che cosa tale istituto differisca, da un lato, da quelli interni ai sistemi civilistici, e dall’altro lato, dalle figure di trusts che nel tempo sono state adottate da quei sistemi c.d. misti, verrà analizzata, nel secondo capitolo, la disciplina internazionalprivatistica dell’istituto oggetto di esame. Al riguardo saranno analizzati il modo in cui il trust veniva inquadrato nelle categorie astratte del sistema di conflitto italiano prima della ratifica della Convenzione dell’Aja del 1985 sulla legge applicabile ai trusts e al loro riconoscimento, la disciplina della detta Convenzione, e infine la disciplina dei trusts non rientranti nell’ambito di applicazione di tale Convenzione. Nel terzo capitolo, invece, saranno analizzati i criteri di giurisdizione valevoli per l’individuazione del giudice competente per le controversie inerenti il trust e la disciplina per il riconoscimento delle pronunce straniere intervenute con riguardo all’istituto. Infine nel quarto capitolo saranno analizzate alcune questioni risolte dal giudice italiano che danno prova del crescente impiego dell’istituto nella regolamentazione dei rapporti di famiglia, in luogo di istituti interni, e soprattutto del fondo patrimoniale

Asymmetric Total Synthesis of All Rugulovasine Stereoisomers and Preliminary Evaluation of Their Biological Properties

A unified enantioselective synthesis and the biological evaluation of all rugulovasine stereoisomers are reported. The syntheses are centered on the divergent and stereochemical modular combination of each enantiomer of 4-amino Uhle's ketone and a methacrylate derivative to build the unsaturated oxaspirolactone moiety by the Dreiding-Schmidt reaction, followed by Fukuyama alkylation to afford the required N-methyl secondary amine in excellent yield. The modularity of this divergent approach, the diastereoselectivities of the reactions, and the late-stage site-selective methylation permit the rapid asymmetric syntheses of all rugulovasine stereoisomers, including the first total syntheses of optically pure (+)- and (−)-rugulovasine B and their trideuteromethylated derivatives. All enantiopure stereoisomers of rugulovasine were tested for their binding affinities to dopamine, serotonin, and adrenergic neuroreceptors, revealing their preferred selectivity for the serotonin 1 A receptor

A New Bis‐Urea Based Cage Receptor for Anions: Synthesis, Solid State Structures and Binding Studies

: The synthesis and characterization of a novel bis-urea-based cage receptor for anions (3S,15S)-3,15,20,25-tetramethyl-1,4,6,12,14,17,20,25-octaazatricyclo[15.5.5.17.11]octacosa-7(28),10-diene-2,5,13,16-tetraone (L) is reported. L is a macro-bicyclic ligand built on the 1,7-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane scaffold to obtain a cage topology in which two ureido moieties have been inserted as binding sites for anions. L can interact with anion guests (G) via H-bonding; in particular, it binds both spherical (Cl-) and V-shaped anions (AcO-) as well as more complex carboxylate anions, such as the norfloxacin (Nor-). NMR experiments highlight that the interaction between L and G mainly occurs at the ureido moieties. L forms L-G adducts of 1 : 1 ([LG]-) and 1 : 2 ([LG2]2-) stoichiometry with Cl- and AcO-. Otherwise, in the case of Nor- only the formation of the [LG]- complex is observed. L shows higher formation constants values for [LAcO]- (2.9) and [LNor]- (3.6) than [LCl]- suggesting a stronger interaction with the carboxylate anions. In the solid state, three crystal structures of the HL⋅G species were obtained (G=Cl-, AcO-, ClO4 -) highlighting the H-bonding interaction between the chloride, acetate or perchlorate anions and the -NH functions of the ureido fragment. The comparison between the two parent open chain receptors (Lb-c) and L has been reported and discussed

Asymmetric Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Both Enantiomers of 5- and 6-Boronotryptophan as Potential Boron Delivery Agents for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

This research investigates boronated tryptophans as potential boron delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancer. We synthesized both enantiomers of 5- and 6-boronotryptophans (1a and 1b) using simple and inexpensive methods. Their uptake was assessed in two human cancer cell lines, CAL27 (head and neck cancer) and U87-MG (brain cancer), and compared to l-p-boronophenylalanine (l-BPA) as a reference. To determine whether these tryptophan derivatives are substrates for large amino acid transporter 1, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to explore their transport mechanism. Our findings reveal differences in boron compound accumulation between the cancer cell lines, indicating that tryptophan derivatives could serve as effective boron carriers when the clinically used boron carrier, BPA, is ineffective

Paradigm Shift in Gastric Cancer Prevention: Harnessing the Potential of Aristolochia olivieri Extract

Gastric cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma, is a significant global health concern. Environmental risk factors, such as Helicobacter pylori infection and diet, play a role in its development. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition and evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antitumor activities of an Aristolochia olivieri Colleg. ex Boiss. Leaves’ methanolic extract (AOME). Additionally, morphological changes in gastric cancer cell lines were analyzed. AOME was analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS, and its antibacterial activity against H. pylori was assessed using the broth microdilution method. MIC and MBC values were determined, and positive and negative controls were included in the evaluation. Anticancer effects were assessed through in vitro experiments using AGS, KATO-III, and SNU-1 cancer cell lines. The morphological changes were examined through SEM and TEM analyses. AOME contained several compounds, including caffeic acid, rutin, and hyperoside. The extract displayed significant antimicrobial effects against H. pylori, with consistent MIC and MBC values of 3.70 ± 0.09 mg/mL. AOME reduced cell viability in all gastric cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Morphological analyses revealed significant ultrastructural changes in all tumor cell lines, suggesting the occurrence of cellular apoptosis. This study demonstrated that AOME possesses antimicrobial activity against H. pylori and potent antineoplastic properties in gastric cancer cell lines. AOME holds promise as a natural resource for innovative nutraceutical approaches in gastric cancer management. Further research and in vivo studies are warranted to validate its potential clinical applications

Cryptococcus neoformans Capsular Enlargement and Cellular Gigantism during Galleria mellonella Infection

We have studied infection of Cryptococcus neoformans in the non-vertebrate host Galleria mellonella with particular interest in the morphological response of the yeast. Inoculation of C. neoformans in caterpillars induced a capsule-independent increase in haemocyte density 2 h after infection. C. neoformans manifested a significant increase in capsule size after inoculation into the caterpillar. The magnitude of capsule increase depended on the temperature, being more pronounced at 37°C than at 30°C, which correlated with an increased virulence of the fungus and reduced phagocytosis at 37°C. Capsule enlargement impaired phagocytosis by haemocytes. Incubation of the yeast in G. mellonella extracts also resulted in capsule enlargement, with the polar lipidic fraction having a prominent role in this effect. During infection, the capsule decreased in permeability. A low proportion of the cells (<5%) recovered from caterpillars measured more than 30 µm and were considered giant cells. Giant cells recovered from mice were able to kill the caterpillars in a manner similar to regular cells obtained from in vivo or grown in vitro, establishing their capacity to cause disease. Our results indicate that the morphological transitions exhibited by C. neoformans in mammals also occur in a non-vertebrate host system. The similarities in morphological transitions observed in different animal hosts and in their triggers are consistent with the hypothesis that the cell body and capsular responses represent an adaptation of environmental survival strategies to pathogenesis

Dioxindole in asymmetric catalytic synthesis: Direct access to 3-substituted 3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles via 1,4-additions to nitroalkenes

The asymmetric Michael addition of dioxindoles to β-substituted nitroalkenes is reported. The bifunctional primary amine-thiourea A, by means of a non-covalent-based mode of catalysis, secures direct access to 3-substituted 3-hydroxyoxindole derivatives with high stereocontrol. © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry