Gambaran Efisiensi Emisi Metana Terhadap Produksi Susu Sapi Perah di Kabupaten Semarang

ABSTRAK Peningkatan populasi sapi perah merupakan upaya untuk meningkatkan produksi susu, namun di sisi lain peningkatan populasi meningkatkan emisi metana. Pelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi bagaimana gambaran efisiensi emisi metana terhadap produksi susu sapi perah di Kabupaten Semarang berdasarkan data populasi dan produksi susu. Emisi metana dihitung menggunakan metode tier 1. Data populasi sapi perah laktasi dan data produksi susu tahun 2015-2020 digunakan untuk menghitung efisiensi emisi metana terhadap produksi. Populasi sapi perah induk laktasi dari tahun 2015-2017 mengalami penurunan sebanyak 452 ekor (4,8%) dibandingkan tahun 2015. Namun, pada tahun 2018-2019 meningkat sebanyak 872 (9,8%) dibandingkan tahun 2017. Emisi metana dari fermentasi enterik dan pengelolaan kotoran ternak tahun mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2015-2017 namun, kembali meningkat pada tahun 2018-2020. Emisi metana tertinggi pada tahun 2019 dan tahun 2020 sedangkan yang terendah pada tahun 2017. Rata-rata emisi metana fermentasi enterik tahun 2015-2020 yaitu 9,9 CO2-e Gg/tahun sedangkan rata-rata emisi metana pengelolaan kotoran ternak 5,0 CO2-e Gg/tahun. Efisiensi emisi terhadap produksi dari tahun 2015-2020 rata-rata 5,6-7. Efisiensi emisi terhadap produksi paling baik yaitu pada tahun 2017 yaitu sebesar 5,4-7, sedangkan yang paling buruk yaitu pada tahun 2016 yaitu sebesar 5,8-7. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa, peningkatan populasi perlu diikuti dengan peningkaan produksi susu supaya emisi yang dihasilkan semakin sedikit untuk memproduksi susu per satuan unitnya. Tahun 2017 merupakan gambaran efisiensi produksi per emisi yang paling baik di Kabupaten Semarang yaitu terjadi peningkatan efisiensi sebesar 6,9%. Kata kunci: efisiensi, emisi metana, produksi susu, sapi perah.The Overview of Methane Emission Efficiency on Dairy Cow Milk Production in Semarang RegencyABSTRACT The increase in the population of dairy cows is in an effort to increase milk production, but on the other hand, the increase in population increases methane emissions. This study aims to evaluate the overview of the efficiency of methane emissions on milk production of dairy cows in Semarang Regency based on population and milk production data. Methane emissions were calculated using the Tier 1 method. Data on the population of lactating dairy cows and data on milk production for 2015-2020 were used to calculate the efficiency of methane emissions on production. The population of lactating dairy cows from 2015-2017 decreased by 452 heads (4.8%) compared to 2015. However, in 2018-2019 it increased by 872 (9.8%) compared to 2017. Methane emissions from enteric fermentation and management of manure decreased in 2015-2017 but increased again in 2018-2020. The highest methane emission was in 2019 and 2020 while the lowest was in 2017. The average enteric fermentation methane emission in 2015-2020 was 9.9 CO2-e Gg/year while the average methane emission from manure management was 5.0 CO2-e Gg/year. The efficiency of emissions to production from 2015-2020 on average 5.6-7. The best emission efficiency towards production is in 2017 which is 5.4-7, while the worst is in 2016 which is 5.8-7. It can be concluded that an increase in population needs to be followed by an increase in milk production so that fewer emissions are produced to produce milk per unit. The year 2017 is the best overview of production efficiency per emission in Semarang Regency, which is an increase in efficiency of 6.9%.Keywords: efficiency, methane emissions, milk production, dairy cow

Regression Models for Estimating Fat Carcass Percentage Using Chest Measurement in Thin Tailed Lambs

This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of using chest measurement for subcutaneous, intermuscular, and total fat percentage in Thin Tailed Lambs. Twenty one heads of three months old male thin tailed lambs with initial body weight (BW) 14.57 ± 2.19 kg were raised up to 3 months fattening period. Chest girth (CG), chest depth (CD), and chest width (CW) were measured before slaughtered. The fat of the carcass was separated into subcutaneous, intermuscular, and total fat, then weighed. The data was analyzed by linear regression to determine the correlation and equation between chest measurement and fat carcass percentage, then was evaluated by t-test, standard error (SE) and the differences were measured to predict the accuracy of the equation. The results showed that the correlation between CG, CW and CG/CD in intermuscular and total fat percentage was positive and significant (P<0.05) with correlation value moderate to high (r= 0.510 - 0.664), while subcutaneous were not significant. SE of each variable showed a low value (0.002-0.020) that indicate the prediction is close to the actual fat percentage value. The lowest differences between prediction and actual value could be found in CG regression equation in total fat (0.368%), while the highest value was 8.918% in intermuscular fat in CW/CG regression. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that CG regression is the best equation for estimating intermuscular, and total fat percentage using chest measurement in Thin Tailed Lambs

Feed protein utilization and nitrogen emission of young and mature Kejobong goats fed different ratios of concentrate and forage

This study aimed to evaluate feed protein utilization and nitrogen emission of young and mature Kejobong goats fed different concentrations of concentrate and forage. Sixteen heads of male Kejobong goats consisted of eight heads young goats (5 months old) and eight heads mature goats (9 months old) with initial body weight (BW) of 14 ± 1.46 kg, and 22.3 ± 1.99 kg, respectively were arranged in a nested design. All goats were fed with two different rations of concentrate and forage (C30 = 30% concentrate: 70% forage and C70 = 70% concentrate: 30% forage). The data were analyzed using ANOVA procedure. This study showed that the average daily gain (ADG) did not differ (p>0.05) in both ages, but it differed (p0.05), while there was a significantly difference (p0.05). The different ages of goats and concentrate levels affected N retention (g/day) and total N2O emission (g/day). It was concluded that ADG, DCP and FCR did not differ in mature and young Kejobong goats, while young goats had less N2O emissions than mature goats. Goats fed 70% of concentrate improved their ADG, DCP, N retention (g/day) and produced less N2O emission

Determination of Level Protein Intake to Control Fat and Protein in Carcass of Fattened Lambs

Twenty four thin tailed lambs aged aproximately 3 months old with an average body weight of 14.19±2.41 kg (CV 16.98%) were used in this study to determine the level of dietary protein (percent protein intake per body weight; CPI in %BW) required to achieve a low fat content (less than 5%) in lamb meat preferred by consumer. The lamb were fed the diets containing 14, 16 and 18% crude protein (CP) and 60 and 70% total digestible nutrients (TDN). The lambs were slaughtered after 3 months raising under the feeding treatments which reached average slaughter weight 24.48 ± 3.45 kg. The carcass was weighed to obtain carcass weight, and was then separated into meat, fat and bone. The longisimus dorsi (LD) and Biceps femoris (BF) were used to determine the fat and protein content of carcass by proximate analysis. The data of level CPI (in %BW) was then correlated to fat and protein in carcass, and was analyzed to determine the level protein intake required to control carcass fat. The results showed that the level of CPI (in %BW) were significantly correlated (P<0.05) with carcass fat, meat fat and carcass protein, being 0.11, 0.40 and 0.63 respectively. This study found that level of protein intake per body weight (CPI in %BW) for lamb should be less than 0.7%BW to obtain a consumer preferred low fat content (less than 5%) in lamb meat

Konversi Produksi Daging Sapi Potong terhadap Emisi Metana di Kabupaten Semarang

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi konversi produksi daging sapi potong terhadap emisi metana di Kabupaten Semarang berdasarkan data populasi dan produksi daging. Emisi metana dihitung menggunakan metode tier 1. Data populasi sapi potong dan produksi daging sapi di Kabupaten Semarang dari tahun 2015-2019 digunakan untuk menghitung konversi produksi daging dari sapi potong terhadap emisi metana. Populasi sapi potong jantan dewasa di Kabupaten Semarang dari tahun 2015-2018 mengalami penurunan secara berurutan menurun sebanyak 10,3%, 1,3%, 1,8% dan meningkat Kembali tahun 2019. Produksi daging menurun pada tahun 2016-2018, secara berurutan menurun sebesar 11,42%, 0,30% dan 1,95%. Pada tahun 2019 produksi daging meningkat sebesar 7,04%. Produktivitas tertinggi terdapat pada tahun 2015 (163,86 kg/ekor). Emisi metana dari fermentasi enterik dan pengelolaan kotoran ternak pada tahun 2015-2018 menunjukkan penurunan, danmeningkat pada tahun 2019. Rata-rata emisi metana dari fermentasi enterik yaitu 0,466 Gg CH4/tahun, sedangkan dari pengelolaan limbah kotoran yaitu 0,009917 Gg CH4/tahun.Rata-rata produksi daging sapi potong per cemaran metana yang dihasikan di Kabupaten Semarang sebesar 1,94-7.Angka konversi terbaik di tunjukkan pada tahun 2018 adalah sebesar 1,42-7.Dapat disimpulkan,meskipun jumlah populasi ternak menurun sedangkan produktivitas ternak ditingkatkan maka produksi daging akan meningkat, sehingga emisi metan per produksi daging dapat diturunkan

The Influence of Different Land Transportation Time from Banjarnegara to Semarang on Body Condition Response of Local Male Sheep

This study aims to determine the body conditions and body weight loss of male local sheep after transportation from Banjarnegara to Semarang at different times. This study used 22 local rams aged 10 months weighing 17.14 + 1.68 kg (CV= 9.8%). This research used a Completely Randomized Design with two treatments and 11 replications. The treatments were different transportation times consisting of 4 hours (T1) and 6 hours (T2). The parameters used in this study were pulse rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature in Banjarnegara (before transportation), Temanggung (during rest), and Semarang (after transportation), as well as body weight loss from male local sheep. The data were analyzed by using a t-test. The results showed that before transportation, the pulse and respiratory rate of T2 rams were higher (P0.05) with an average of 18.33 kg before transportation and  16.80 kg after transportation. The body weight loss of T1 and T2 was about 1.53 kg, and was not significantly different (P>0.05). It can be concluded that different transportation times (4 hours and 6 hours) affected local rams’ physiological conditions with similar body weight loss.Key words : sheep, transportation, physiological conditions, and body weight loss

Productivity and carcass characteristics of lambs fed fibrous agricultural wastes to substitute grass

Background and Aim: Grass is often scarce for ruminants during the dry season in Indonesia; thus agricultural by-products are widely used as a substitute for grass. This study aimed to determine the effect of replacing Napier grass (NG) with agricultural by-products on the productivity and carcass characteristics of lambs. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four 3-month-old male lambs with initial body weights of 13.26±1.29 kg (coefficient of variation=9.73%) were allocated into a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications. The treatments included: NG=100% NG; corn cobs (CCs)=50% NG and 50% CCs; bagasse (BG)=50% NG and 50% BG; and peanut shells (PSs)=50% NG and 50% PSs. All treatment diets were pelleted and consisted of 40% fibrous feed and 60% concentrate feed, and contained 10.36-11.65% crude protein and 55.47-57.31% total digestible nutrients. Parameters observed included dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter digestibility, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed cost per gain (FC/G), and carcass characteristics. Results: Lambs fed the PSs diet had the highest (p0.05) were found in the carcass or meat characteristics of any diets. The averages of slaughter weight, carcass weight, and carcass percentage were 20.03 kg, 8.02 kg, and 40.0%, respectively. The average meat bone ratio was 3.67. Conclusion: It was concluded that agricultural wastes could be used as an alternative to NG at the level of 50% in the diet of lambs without a negative effect on production performance and carcass traits