DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF INTRA-TRAIN FEEDBACK SYSTEMS AT ATF2

The major goals of the final focus test beam line facility ATF2 are to provide electron beams with a few tens of nanometer beam sizes and beam stability control at the nanometer level. In order to achieve such a level of stability beam-based feedback systems are necessary at different timescales to correct static and dynamic effects. In particular, we present the design of intra-train feedback systems to correct the impact of fast jitter sources. We study a bunchto- bunch feedback system installed in the extraction line to combat the ring extraction transverse jitters. In addition, we design a bunch-to-bunch feedback system at the interaction point for correction of position jitter due to the fast vibration of the magnets in the final focus. Optimum feedback software algorithms are discussed and simulation results are presented

Theory of Orbital Magnetization in Solids

In this review article, we survey the relatively new theory of orbital magnetization in solids-often referred to as the "modern theory of orbital magnetization"-and its applications. Surprisingly, while the calculation of the orbital magnetization in finite systems such as atoms and molecules is straight forward, in extended systems or solids it has long eluded calculations owing to the fact that the position operator is ill-defined in such a context. Approaches that overcome this problem were first developed in 2005 and in the first part of this review we present the main ideas reaching from a Wannier function approach to semi-classical and finite-temperature formalisms. In the second part, we describe practical aspects of calculating the orbital magnetization, such as taking k-space derivatives, a formalism for pseudopotentials, a single k-point derivation, a Wannier interpolation scheme, and DFT specific aspects. We then show results of recent calculations on Fe, Co, and Ni. In the last part of this review, we focus on direct applications of the orbital magnetization. In particular, we will review how properties such as the nuclear magnetic resonance shielding tensor and the electron paramagnetic resonance g-tensor can elegantly be calculated in terms of a derivative of the orbital magnetization

Status report of the baseline collimation system of CLIC. Part II

Important efforts have recently been dedicated to the characterisation and improvement of the design of the post-linac collimation system of the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). This system consists of two sections: one dedicated to the collimation of off-energy particles and another one for betatron collimation. The energy collimation system is further conceived as protection system against damage by errant beams. In this respect, special attention is paid to the optimisation of the energy collimator design. The material and the physical parameters of the energy collimators are selected to withstand the impact of an entire bunch train. Concerning the betatron collimation section, different aspects of the design have been optimised: the transverse collimation depths have been recalculated in order to reduce the collimator wakefield effects while maintaining a good efficiency in cleaning the undesired beam halo; the geometric design of the spoilers has been reviewed to minimise wakefields; in addition, the optics design has been optimised to improve the collimation efficiency. This report presents the current status of the the post-linac collimation system of CLIC. Part II is mainly dedicated to the study of the betatron collimation system and collimator wakefield effects.Comment: 25 pages, 13 figure

Luminosity Performance Studies of Linear Colliders with Intra-train Feedback Systems

The design luminosity for the future linear colliders is very demanding and challenging. Beam-based feedback systems will be required to achieve the necessary beam-beam stability and steer the two beams into collision. In particular we have studied the luminosity performance improvement by intra-train beam-based feedback systems for position and angle corrections at the interaction point. We have set up a simulation model which introduces different machine imperfections and can be applied to both the International Linear Collider (ILC) and the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC).Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Heatmaps in soccer: event vs tracking datasets

We investigate how similar heatmaps of soccer players are when constructed from (i) event datasets and (ii) tracking datasets. When using event datasets, we show that the scale at which the events are grouped strongly influences the correlation with the tracking heatmaps. Furthermore, there is an optimal scale at which the correlation between event and tracking heatmaps is the highest. However, even at the optimal scale, correlations between both approaches are moderate. Furthermore, there is high heterogeneity in the players' correlation, ranging from negative values to correlations close to the unity. We show that the number of events performed by a player does not crucially determine the level of correlation between both heatmaps. Finally, we analyzed the influence of the player position, showing that defenders are the players with the highest correlations while forwards have the lowest.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Nanostructure Accelerators: Novel concept and path to its realization

TeV/m acceleration gradients using crystals as originally envisioned by R. Hofstadter, an early pioneer of HEP, have remained unrealizable. Fundamental obstacles that have hampered efforts on particle acceleration using bulk-crystals arise from collisional energy loss and emittance degradation in addition to severe beam disruption despite the favorable effect of particle channeling along interatomic planes in bulk. We aspire for the union of nanoscience with accelerator science to not only overcome these problems using nanostructured tubes to avoid direct impact of the beam on bulk ion-lattice but also to utilize the highly tunable characteristics of nanomaterials. We pioneer a novel surface wave mechanism in nanostructured materials with a strong electrostatic component which not only attains tens of TeV/m gradients but also has focusing fields. Under our initiative, the proof-of-principle demonstration of tens of TeV/m gradients and beam nanomodulation is underway. Realizable nanostructure accelerators naturally promise new horizons in HEP as well as in a wide range of areas of research that utilize beams of high-energy particles or photons.Comment: submission to Snowmass'21 Accelerator Frontie

Medipix3 for dosimetry and real-time beam monitoring: first tests at a 60 MeV proton therapy facility

Charged particle therapy (CPT) is an advanced modality of radiation therapy which has grown rapidly worldwide, driven by recent developments in technology and methods of delivery. To ensure safe and high quality treatments, various instruments are used for a range of different measurements such as for quality assurance, monitoring and dosimetry purposes. With the emergence of new and enhanced delivery techniques, systems with improved capabilities are needed to exceed existing performance limitations of conventional tools. The Medipix3 is a hybrid pixel detector able to count individual protons with millisecond time resolution at clinical flux with near instant readout and count rate linearity. The system has previously demonstrated use in medical and other applications, showing wide versatility and potential for particle therapy. In this work we present measurements of the Medipix3 detector in the 60 MeV ocular proton therapy beamline at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, UK. The beam current and lateral beam profiles were evaluated at multiple positions in the treatment line and compared with EBT3 Gafchromic film. The recorded count rate linearity and temporal analysis of the beam structure was measured with Medipix3 across the full range of available beam intensities, up to $3.12 \times 10^{10}$ protons/s. We explore the capacity of Medipix3 to provide non-reference measurements and its applicability as a tool for dosimetry and beam monitoring for CPT. This is the first known time the performance of the Medipix3 detector technology has been tested within a clinical, high proton flux environment.Comment: Revised. Prepared for submission to JINST as a Tech Report, 22 pages, 12 figure