Nontrivial Galois module structure of cyclotomic fields

We say a tame Galois field extension $L/K$ with Galois group $G$ has trivial Galois module structure if the rings of integers have the property that \Cal{O}_{L} is a free \Cal{O}_{K}[G]-module. The work of Greither, Replogle, Rubin, and Srivastav shows that for each algebraic number field other than the rational numbers there will exist infinitely many primes $l$ so that for each there is a tame Galois field extension of degree $l$ so that $L/K$ has nontrivial Galois module structure. However, the proof does not directly yield specific primes $l$ for a given algebraic number field $K.$ For $K$ any cyclotomic field we find an explicit $l$ so that there is a tame degree $l$ extension $L/K$ with nontrivial Galois module structure

Manifest Needs of Women in Male-Intensive Professions: A Replication Study

published or submitted for publicatio

What factors explain harmful algal blooms of Dinophysis along the Texas coast?

The toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis ovum is one of the harmful algal species that bloom along the Texas coast. Blooms of D. ovum can be explained by several factors that work together to cause bloom initiation. This work utilized image counts collected by the Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) at Port Aransas, TX and modeled winds from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. Based on a previous study of another dinoflagellate species, it was hypothesized that winds will be highly correlated with harmful algal bloom (HAB) years versus non-HAB years for D. ovum. Weak northerly winds and downwelling along the coast will be associated with HAB years, while strong northerly or southerly winds will be associated with non-HAB years. In non-HAB years, wind-driven currents caused by upcoast or strongly flowing downcoast winds will result in northward or southward movement of D. ovum cells, respectively. In HAB years, weaker downcoast winds will allow for accumulation of D. ovum at the coast. Results showed that weak downcoast winds occurred in the weeks preceding HAB events in 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014, and likely contributed to the accumulation of Dinophysis cells along the Texas coast. When winds moved upcoast or strongly downcoast in the weeks preceding bloom months, Dinophysis blooms did not occur. Additional factors (e.g., sea surface temperature, surface-based runoff, mean wave direction, El Niño Southern Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, and salinity) were analyzed to better define a favorable environment for bloom formation. Sea surface temperature and surface based runoff were significantly correlated with bloom occurrence, whereas El Niño Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation were not

Natural Genetic Variation Affecting Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium (Ca) is essential for multiple functions within the body including skeletal health. The level of Ca in the serum is tightly regulated. During periods of habitual low Ca intake, the body senses a decrease in serum Ca and increases renal conversion of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). 1,25(OH)2D acts through the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to increase intestinal Ca absorption, renal Ca reabsorption and skeletal Ca resorption. Efficient intestinal Ca absorption, especially during periods of low Ca intake, is critical for protecting bone mass. Ca absorption and its primary regulator, 1,25(OH)2D, are affected by both genetic and environmental factors. However, the genetic architecture of these phenotypes has not been carefully studied in a controlled environment. Using genetically characterized mouse models in a controlled environment the studies in this dissertation characterize the natural genetic variation affecting intestinal Ca absorption, 25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH)2D under normal and low dietary Ca conditions. This dietary intervention allowed for the study of gene-by-diet interactions (i.e. variability in the adaptation of these parameters to habitual low Ca intake). The relationship of Ca absorption to known regulators and cellular mediators is examined, elucidating significant effects of genetics on these relationships and identifying gaps in our current knowledge of intestinal Ca absorption. In addition, specific genetic loci affecting intestinal Ca absorption, 1,25(OH)2D, 25(OH)D, and diet-induced adaptation are identified in the mouse genome. These quantitative trait loci (QTLs) represent novel variation affecting Ca absorption and vitamin D metabolites. Identification of the causal variation underlying these QTLs will expand our knowledge of Ca homeostatic pathways. These studies serve as a foundation for identification of individual variation in Ca homeostasis and personalized dietary recommendations

Application of manual control theory to the study of biological stress

A study was run using both a stable, third-order task and an adaptive first-order unstable task singly and in combination to test the effects of 2 min hypoxia (22000 ft) on human operator. The results indicate that the RMS error in the stable task does not change as a function of hypoxic stress whereas the error in an unstable task changes significantly. Models involving human operator parameter changes and noise injection are discussed

Double Jeopardy: Appeal by the State as Subjecting to Double Jeopardy

Double Jeopardy: Appeal by the State as Subjecting to Double Jeopard

The Business of Law: Evolution of the Legal Services Market

The legal services market is changing. This change has been driven by various factors through the years: expansion of in-house legal departments, globalization (through mergers and outsourcing), technological advances, and the rise of alternative legal service providers. This paper explores these factors in isolation—i.e., discussing each factor separately and distinctly from other factors. Then, this paper seeks to understand these factors together, as products of a legal services market that is evolving from the growth stage into the mature stage. Part I summarizes the early history of law firms, including the rise of the Cravath System through the Golden Era of the 1960s. Part II examines several factors affecting the legal services market, specifically: expansion of in-house legal departments, globalization (through mergers and outsourcing), technological advances, and the rise of alternative legal service providers. Finally, Part III discusses how these factors can also be understood together, as products of a maturing legal services market