Low temperature fluid blender

Blender supplies hydrogen at temperatures from 289 deg K to 367 deg K. Hydrogen temperature is controlled by using blender to combine flow from liquid hydrogen tank /276 deg K/ and gaseous hydrogen cylinder /550 deg K/. Blenders are applicable where flow of controlled low-temperature fluid is desired

Hydrogen-air ignition torch

The design and operation of a hydrogen-air ignition torch presently being used to burn off excess hydrogen that accumulates in the scrubber exhaust ducts of two rocket engine test facilities at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, is described

Low-cost high-temperature brazing material

Commercially available nickel-copper wire containing 6 and 12 percent nickel is used in high temperature furnace brazing of rocket engine parts. Brazed joints have properties comparable to or better than those brazed with more expensive materials, and cost savings are substantial

Description and evaluation of digital-computer design-analysis program for homopolar inductor alternators

Digital computer program for homopolar inductor alternator electromagnetic design analysi

Motor-starting characteristics of two inductor alternators

Motor starting characteristics of two inductor alternator

“She Didn’t Know I Was in the Room”: The Effects of Hatfield’s Illustrations on Readers’ Interpretations of “The Yellow Wallpaper”

When Charlotte Gilman\u27s short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, was first published in New England Magazine in 1892, staff illustrator Joseph Hatfield created three realistic-style images to accompany the text. Research suggests that Gilman had no control or influence over these images, which altered readers\u27 perception of her story about the dangers of the rest cure for female hysteria. While Hatfield faced artistic limitations and his intentions are not discoverable today, the choices and details in his illustrations support interpretations of the short story as a piece of horror fiction in which his cohesive series of images is a more reliable source than the verbal text. By omitting details that are emphasized in Gilman\u27s text, Hatfield’s illustrations support the interpretation that the protagonist—who supposedly describes the same setting as the one shown in the images—is an unreliable narrator with delusions leading her to exaggerate her captivity. By extension, for original audiences, the images suggest that the protagonist’s mental illness is caused, at least in part, by her own failure to abide by the rest cure, rather than being caused by the oppressive circumstances about which Gilman sought to warn readers

Ekonomski pristop določanja upoštevnega trga v konkurenčnem pravu EU

Use of economics in defining relevant market in EU competition law. Authoress deals with the rules of defining relevant market in EU competition law as very important tool in taking decision weather an undertaking restricts effective competition. For this purpose qualitative and quantitative methods of defining relevant market are analysed including the advantages and disadvantages of both. Authoress stresses that qualitative methods such as product characteristics, their prices and intended use are not in accordance with the modern economic approach which nowadays dominates in EU competition law. Their use should be restricted only to the situations where economic (quantitative) methods (such as SSNIP test, price correlation, co- integration analysis etc.) cannot be used due to the lack of relevant data. Povzetek. Avtorica obravnava pravila oz. metode določanja upoštevnega trga za namene uporabe pravil konkurenčnega prava EU, ki je pomembno orodje pri ugotovitvi ali podjetja učinkovito omejujejo konkurenco na trgu. Pri tem analizira obe tehniki določanja upoštevnega trga - kvantitativno in kvalitativno - ter navaja prednosti in slabosti obeh. Avtorica izpostavlja, da kvalitativne tehnike določanja, ki se nanašajo na fizične značilnosti proizvodov, namen uporabe, razlik v cenah ipd. niso v skladu z modernim ekonomskim pristopom, ki danes dominira v konkurenčnem pravu EU. Upoštevale naj bi se predvsem v situacijah, ko ekonomskih (kvantitativnih) tehnik, kot so SSNIP test, cenovna korelacija. analiza ko-integracije idr. ni mogoče uporabiti zaradi pomanjkanja relevantnih podatkov

Povprečni izogibni stroški kot izhodišče za analizo roparskih cen v konkurenčnem pravu EU

Average Avoidable Costs as the Starting- point of the Predatory Pricing Analysis in EU Competition Law. Article deals with predatory pricing as a price strategy, under which an undertaking charges extremely low prices (bellow costs) with the intent to exclude competitors from the market. Therefore, predatory pricing can lead to abuse of dominant position which is prohibited under Article 102 TFEU. Authoress analyses different views on the subject matter, reasonableness of such pricing strategy and EU case law. She also analyses the regulation of predatory pricing in the Commission\u27s Guidance on its enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertaking, which sets the average avoidable costs and long-run incremental costs as the starting-point of the illegal predatory pricing. She also points to the differences between USA and EU regulation. The analysis of predatory pricing in the EU reveals deviation from the regulation and practice recognised in the USA, especially considering that under EU regulation the requirement of recoupment of losses is not a condition of finding the abuse of dominant position.   Povprečni izogibni stroški kot izhodišče za analizo roparskih cen v konkurenčnem pravu EU. Prispevek obravnava roparske (predatorske) cene kot cenovno strategijo, pri kateri podjetje oblikuje izjemno nizke cene (pod stroški) s ciljem izključitve konkurentov s trga, ki predstavlja eno izmed oblik zlorabe prevladujočega položaja po členu 102 PDEU. Avtorica analizira različne poglede na to tematiko, smiselnost oblikovanja tovrstnih cen in sodno prakso v EU. Prav tako analizira njeno ureditev v Navodilih Komisije glede prednostnih nalog izvrševanja Komisije pri uporabi člena 82 Pogodbe ES za izključevalna ravnanja, s katerimi prevladujoča podjetja zlorabljajo svoj položaj, ki je za izhodišče ugotovitve obstoja nezakonitih roparskih cen postavilo povprečne izogibne stroške in dolgoročne povprečne mejne stroške. Avtorica opozori tudi na razlike med ureditvijo v ZDA in EU. Analiza tovrstnih ravnanj v EU namreč kaže na odmik od ureditve oz. prakse v ZDA, med drugim zato, ker kot predpostavko za obstoj roparskih cen in s tem za zlorabo prevladujočega položaja ne zahteva tudi možnosti pokritja izgube, ki jo je podjetje imelo z oblikovanjem roparskih cen, v prihodnosti. &nbsp

Uvodnik / Editorial

V tej številki Lexonomice uvodnik posvečamo sožitju prava in ekonomije na področju konkurenčnega prava. Naj v začetku izpostavim, da je številka revije, ki je pred vami, rezultat projekta Jean Monnet Module, ki ga je pridobila Pravna fakulteta Univerze v Mariboru v letu 2009, z naslovom Ekonomika konkurenčnega prava Evropske skupnosti (Economics of EC Competition Law). V okviru tega projekta na Pravni fakulteti Univerze v Mariboru že potekajo in bodo tudi v naslednjih letih potekala številna predavanja, konference in usposabljanja s tega področja. Namen je opozoriti na vse večjo uporabo ekonomskih znanj na področju konkurenčnega prava ..