Comments on the genus Diplura C. L. Koch, 1850, with description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Dipluridae)

Two new species of Diplura C. L. Koch 1850 are described from Brazil: Diplura mapinguari sp. n., from the state of Rondônia in southeastern Amazonia, northern Brazil, and Diplura rodrigoi sp. n., known from southeastern and central west regions of Brazil. Diplura rodrigoi sp. n. is morphologically similar to D. lineata (Lucas, 1857), D. sanguinea (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896), and D. mapinguari sp. n. Comments on diagnostic characters of Diplura are included. The synonymy of D. maculata (Mello-Leitão, 1927) with D. catharinensis (Mello-Leitão, 1923) is corroborated. A classification of color pattern of the dorsum of the abdomen is given

A new troglomorphic species of Harmonicon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Dipluridae) from Pará, Brazil, with notes on the genus

A new species of Harmonicon F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 (Araneae, Dipluridae) is described, from a medium-sized lateritic cave in Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. The male holotype and only specimen known of H. cerberus sp. n. was found near the entrance of Pequiá cave. This taxon is the fourth species described and the southernmost record for the genus. The new species displays some troglomorphic characteristics, such as reduction and merging of the posterior median and both pairs of lateral eyes and pale yellow to light brown coloration. Both characters are diagnostic when compared to the normal separated eyes and reddish to dark brown of other Harmonicon species. Other diagnostic characteristics are isolated, long, rigid setae distal to the lyra and the shape of the copulatory bulb. This is the second troglomorphic mygalomorph species from Brazil and the first from the Amazonian region

A new troglomorphic species of Harmonicon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Dipluridae) from Pará, Brazil, with notes on the genus

A new species of Harmonicon F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 (Araneae, Dipluridae) is described, from a medium-sized lateritic cave in Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. The male holotype and only specimen known of H. cerberus sp. n. was found near the entrance of Pequiá cave. This taxon is the fourth species described and the southernmost record for the genus. The new species displays some troglomorphic characteristics, such as reduction and merging of the posterior median and both pairs of lateral eyes and pale yellow to light brown coloration. Both characters are diagnostic when compared to the normal separated eyes and reddish to dark brown of other Harmonicon species. Other diagnostic characteristics are isolated, long, rigid setae distal to the lyra and the shape of the copulatory bulb. This is the second troglomorphic mygalomorph species from Brazil and the first from the Amazonian region

A new troglomorphic species of Harmonicon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Dipluridae) from Pará, Brazil, with notes on the genus

A new species of Harmonicon F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 (Araneae, Dipluridae) is described, from a medium-sized lateritic cave in Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. The male holotype and only specimen known of H. cerberussp. n. was found near the entrance of Pequiá cave. This taxon is the fourth species described and the southernmost record for the genus. The new species displays some troglomorphic characteristics, such as reduction and merging of the posterior median and both pairs of lateral eyes and pale yellow to light brown coloration. Both characters are diagnostic when compared to the normal separated eyes and reddish to dark brown of other Harmonicon species. Other diagnostic characteristics are isolated, long, rigid setae distal to the lyra and the shape of the copulatory bulb. This is the second troglomorphic mygalomorph species from Brazil and the first from the Amazonian region

Tetragnatha tenuissima O. Pickard-Cambridge 1889

<i>Tetragnatha tenuissima</i> O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 <p>(Figs 12–15; Map 3)</p> <p> <i>Tetragnatha tenuissima</i> O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889: 9, pl. 3, fig. 1, 2 (♂ ♀).</p> <p> <i>Tetragnatha filiformis</i> Taczanowski, 1872: 111 (♂ ♀; preoccupied by Audouin, 1826 sub <i>Eugnatha</i>).</p> <p> <i>Tetragnatha filiformata</i> Roewer, 1942: 989 (replacement name) <b>syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> <i>Tetragnatha tenuissima</i>: GUATEMALA: ♂ ♀ syntypes, Coban, Tamahu (NHM), <b>examined</b>. <i>Tetragnatha filiformata</i>: FRENCH GUYANA: 2♂, 7♀, 11 immature syntypes, Cayenne (MIZ 225510, MIZ 225510– 225516, MIZ 225511–225516, MIZ 225517–225523), <b>examined</b>; BRAZIL: 2♂, 3♀, 1 immature syntypes, Amapá, Uaçá [Uassa, under French Guyana] (MIZ 225524–225529), loaned and <b>examined</b>.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. ARGENTINA, <b>Misiones</b>: Iguazú Falls, XI.1954, B. C. Schiapelli leg., 1 ♂ (MACN 39612 ex MACN 24256); BRAZIL, Bahia: Lagoinha: O. Leonardos, 1 ♀, 1 immature (MNRJ 53948); <b>Espírito Santo</b>: <i>Santa Tereza</i>: Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, 11–12.V.2005, A. Giupponi <i>et al.</i> leg., 1 ♀ (MNRJ 06922); <i>Sooretama</i>: REBIO Sooretama (Córrego Quirininho), 01.V.2009, F. F. F. Moreira leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 0192); <b>Mato Grosso</b>: <i>Chapada dos Guimarães</i>: 20–29.vii.2000, C. Strüssman leg., 2 ♂ (MCTP 43338 ex 11314); Xingu river, H. Leon- ardos leg., 2 ♀ (MNRJ 02595 ex 01177); <b>Pará</b>: Rio Cuminá, G. Cruls leg., 1 ♀ (MNRJ 410); <i>idem</i>, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 14170); <i>Jacareacanga</i>: Flona do Crepori, 6°08’56.9’’S, 57°14’45.96’’W, 25.X.2009, E. G. S. Cafofo leg., 1 ♂ (MPEG 031347); <i>Melgaço</i>: Estação Ecológica Ferreira Penna, Flona de Caxiuanã, 01°44’22.7”S, 51°27’22.2’W, 30.IX.2005, C. B. Lopes leg., 1 ♂ (MPEG 031345); <b>Piauí</b>: <i>Castelo do Piauí</i>: ECB Rochas Ornamentais LTDA, Fazenda Bonito, 05°13’50.8’’S, 41°42’1.1’’W, L. S. Carvalho leg., 2 ♂ (MPEG 031349); <i>idem</i>, 1 ♂, 1 immature (MPEG 031350); <b>Paraná</b>: <i>Morretes</i>: Serra da Graciosa, 09–20.I.1995, 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (MCTP 6944); <i>Rio Negro</i>: 1 immature (MNRJ 52283); <b>Rio de Janeiro</b>: <i>Cachoeiras de Macacu</i>: Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, Lagoa, 02.IX.2017, H. Schinelli leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1473); 17.XII.2017, R. Baptista leg., 1 ♂ (UFRJ 1564); <i>Casimiro de Abreu</i>: Túlio, Ponto 4, 04.VIII.2010, looking down, P. Castanheira leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1567); <i>idem</i>, 04–11.VIII.2010, D. T. Castro leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1568); <i>Mangaratiba</i>: Reserva Ecológica Rio das Pedras, 24.V.2009, Entomologia UFRJ leg., 1 ♂ (UFRJ 0179); <b>São Paulo</b>: <i>Itú</i>: Fazenda Pau D’Alho, 17–18.IX.1960, P. Biasi leg., 3 immatures (MZUSP 74669); <i>Juquiá</i>: 26–27.IV.1948, F, Lane leg., 1 ♂ (MZUSP 1172); <i>São Carlos</i>: Várzea do Rio Quilombo (Jusante BR 116), 17.II.1990, P. Gnaspini leg., 1 ♂ (MZUSP 11984); <i>Ubatuba</i>: PE Serra do Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba, 30.V–02.VI.2007, R. Baptista <i>et al.</i> leg., 2 immatures (UFRJ 1569); <i>idem</i>, 29.X–02.XI.2008, R. Baptista leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1570); GUY- ANA: Itamyaruma, Essequibo River, 29.VIII.1936, Romiti leg. (MZUF).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. Chelicerae and palps of males of <i>T. tenuissima</i> are very different from all other species described above. Males bear chelicerae with AXu almost as a nub, elongated and robust ‘sl’, displaced upwards from the row and located near Gu, which is robust and curved basalwards, AXl very reduced and located near base of fang (only visible on SEM photos) and Gl finger-like distalward projected and palps with short and T-like paracymbium. Female chelicerae are comparable with <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> and <i>T. chauliodus</i> (see previous diagnoses above), differing from them by Gu and U2 with almost the same size and located apart by a very small gap, BC absent, OC present, and internal genitalia with slender central membranous sac (comparing to <i>T. chauliodus</i>, figs 8A, B, 10D–F, 12C–F, I; 13C, H; 14A–D, G; Zhu <i>et al.</i> 2003, fig. 59G).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <i>Male (UFRJ 1534)</i>: Carapace yellow, elliptic (Fig. 12A). Labium brown and very elongated (Fig. 12B). Sternum light brown contoured in dark brown (Fig. 12B). Eyes parallel and procurved, ringed in black, AME smaller than others and touching PME (Fig. 12A). Legs yellow and very elongated (Fig. 12A, B). Paturon thick, more than 3x longer than wide and little over 1.2x longer than carapace, moderately curved outwards, around 45° from the median line of the body (Figs 12A, C, 14A, B). ‘a’ very elongated, carved on its apex with large base, clearly bent upper and outward from middle to the apex, occupying most of chelicera width (Figs 12C, D, F, 14A). AXu small and not pointed, with large basis, almost as a nub (Figs 12C, D, 14A). ‘t’ reduced, thick and located after the basis of Gu (Figs 12C, D, 14A, 15A). Upper row with eight uneven teeth (Figs 12C, D, F; 14A): Gu very sclerotized, elongated, slanted, with large basis and pointed basalward; ‘sl’ with elongated and sclerotized basis, pointed, clearly pointing up and distalward, located adjoined to the basis of Gu and displaced from the row itself; ‘T’ thorn-like, very elongated, thin, and almost straight, slightly displaced from the row itself and ‘rsu’ with five teeth decreasing in size with last two teeth very reduced, almost denticles. AXl extremely reduced (Fig. 14B) Lower row with thirteen teeth (Figs. 12D, E; 14B): Gl bulky, thick, finger-like and pointing distalward; L2 thick, pointed, almost straight and much longer and bulkier than remaining teeth; L3–L 7 in a smooth depression, L3 and L7 slightly longer than L4–L6; L8–L11 decreasing in size and located after a small gap apart from L7; L12 and L13 with almost the same size and located after a small gap from L11, apart from another gap. Cheliceral fang as wide as its basis, wavy in the middle portion and inserted between the rows of teeth (Figs. 12 C–E; 14A, B). Abdomen cylindrical, slender, dorsally pale yellow, covered by guanine spots, scantier at the middle line, and five dark gray to black pair of spots on its edge (Fig. 12A). Venter pale brown, flattened and nude, with neither drawings nor patches (Fig. 12B). Epiandrous small, with a narrow division midway, with five fusules on left side and only three on right side (Fig. 14H). Palps bearing a very short and triangular tibia, and an elongated cymbium, bearing a thin basis and wide cymbial tarsal organ, strongly developed and deep (Figs. 12G, H; 14E); tegulum spherical and inflated, more than two times wider than high, with a constriction near the basis of embolus (Figs. 12 G–I; 14E); conductor thin, transparent, slanted and straight, tapering towards its apex, with thin edges enfolding over most of the embolus (Figs. 12 G–I; 14E, F); embolus with a thick basis, originating at middle portion of the bulb, near the cymbium, with rounded curve at initial portion, followed by a strong upward curve, ending in filiform curved thin apex and only being exposed, from behind the conductor, in the terminal end (Figs. 12 G–I; 14E, F); paracymbium very small, triangular, not slanted, with rounded and thick notch, thin translucid lobe and long, thick, sclerotized and elevated knob at the ectal side (Figs. 12I, 14G).</p> <p>Total length 7.20. Carapace 1.64 long, 1.09 wide. Abdomen 5.90 long, 0.66 wide. Left chelicera 1.90 long, 0.43 wide. Leg formula I–IV–II–III. Leg I: femur 8.73, patella 0.84, tibia 7.92, metatarsus 8.70 and tarsus 1.48. Leg II: patella + tibia 5.35. Leg III: patella + tibia 1.75. Leg IV: patella + tibia 4.50.</p> <p> <i>Female (UFRJ 1534)</i>: Carapace colour, endites, fovea, eyes, labium, legs and sternum as in male (Fig. 13A, B). Paturon with same colour as male, around 4,7x longer than wide and curved outwards, around 50° from median line of the body (Figs. 13 A–F; 14C, D). AXu and AXl absent. Upper row with nine teeth (Figs. 13C, D; 14C): Gu next to base of fang, slightly distalward, thick and finger-like, located on outer- and distal end of CRu; U2 thin, pointed and slightly distalward, apart from Gu by a small and from U3 by a large gap; U3–U9 decreasing in size; U3 with large basis longer than U2 and U7 and U8 sharing same basis. Lower row with ten teeth (Figs. 13D, E): Gl finger-like and initially distalward, with its tip being basalward, apart from L2 by a marked crest; L2–L3 and L3–L4 apart by small gaps; L2 distalward, pointed, with large basis; L3 and L4 much smaller; L5–L10 decreasing in size. Fang wavy, constricted midway forming a conspicuous curve and inserting between both rows of teeth, bearing a small outer cusp on its top (Figs. 13C, E, F; 14C, D). Abdomen as male, around 2.7x longer than carapace, differing by better marked gray spots on the dorsum (Fig. 13A, B). Genital fold short, approximately 2x wider than long and laterally compressed, with thick and straight tip (Fig. 13G). Internal genitalia composed of two slender, rounded and elongated spermathecae, more sclerotized on outer edge and a pointed, elongated and sclerotized central membranous sac, basally positioned in comparison to the spermathecae (Fig. 13H).</p> <p> <b>MAP 3.</b> Distribution of the specimens of <i>T. tenuissima</i> we analyzed.</p> <p>Total length 8.23. Carapace 2.06 long, 0.90 wide. Abdomen 6.34 long, 0.80 wide. Left chelicera 1.94 long, 0.38 wide. Leg formula I–IV–II–III. Leg I: femur 7.28, patella 0.68, tibia 7.80, metatarsus 6.93 and tarsus 1.71. Leg II: patella + tibia 4.66. Leg III: patella + tibia 1.47. Leg IV: patella + tibia 4.12.</p> <p> <b>Variation</b>. Males (n = 4): total length, 6.78 – 7.29; females (n = 6): total length, 7.51 – 9.45. The outer cusp (OC) may sometimes not be present on the chelicerae of females.</p> <p> <b>Synonymy and notes</b>. The first author was gently received at MIZ-PAN and NHM collections where type-material of <i>T. filiformata</i> Roewer, 1942 (Guyana, French Guyana and Brazill: Amapá) and <i>T. tenuissima</i> (Guatemala) were examined, respectively. Taczanowski (1872) described <i>Tetragnatha filiformis</i>, preoccupied and posteriorly replaced by the name <i>T. filiformata</i> by Roewer (1942). Taczanowski’s description of <i>T. filiformis</i> is very comprehensive, allowing the recognition of described specimens. The typical elongated chelicerae seen in males and females syntypes of <i>T. filiformata</i> (Fig. 15A, B) is also observed in the type-material of <i>T. tenuissima</i> (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1889, pl. 3, figs 1, 2), subsequent revisions (<i>e.g.</i> Okuma 1992, fig. 21) and in all specimens we identified for South America. We therefore propose a new synonymy, <i>Tetragnatha filiformata</i> Roewer, 1942 = <i>Tetragnatha tenuissima</i> O. Pickard-Cambridge 1889 <b>new synonymy.</b></p> <p> Furthermore, the type-localities of both species are compatible with the synonymy herein proposed if we consider the broad distribution of <i>T. tenuissima</i> in the Neotropical region. This species has been previously recorded for Guatemala (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1889; Okuma 1992), Puerto Rico (Petrunkevitch 1930a,b; Okuma 1992), Cuba (Bryan 1940; Okuma 1992), Hispaniola (Bryant 1945), Jamaica (Chickering 1957b, 1962), Panama (Chickering 1957c; Okuma 1992), Costa Rica (Okuma 1992), Mexico (Okuma 1992). Herein, we add many records from throughout Brazil and Argentina.</p> <p> <b>Habitat notes.</b> Alongside <i>T. megalocera</i> <b>new species</b> and <i>T. chauliodus</i>, this species seems not to be associated to water, as duly observed by the authors, with the majority of specimens being collected only in the interior of forest remnants.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. From Mexico to Argentina. In Brazil, this species can be found in all regions of the country (Map 3).</p> <p> <b>Nomina dubia</b></p> <p> The types of the following species are immature, not allowing a precise recognition. In all cases, we cannot correctly identify these species, nor clearly diagnose them in relation to other slender-bodied species described above. Furthermore, it is impossible to ascribe the immature specimens to any of the above cited species, because the not fully developed chelicerae and genitalia are not comparable to the adult’s diagnostic characters. Therefore, we consider all species listed below to be <i>nomina dubia</i>, or more precisely, <i>species inquirendae</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Castanheira, Pedro De Souza & Baptista, Renner Luiz Cerqueira, 2020, Notes on slender species of the long-jawed spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae Tetragnathidae) with description of three new species, pp. 43-75 in Zootaxa 4768 (1)</i> on pages 65-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4768.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3777828">http://zenodo.org/record/3777828</a&gt

Tetragnatha chauliodus

<i>Tetragnatha chauliodus</i> (Thorell, 1890) <p>(Figs 9–11; Map 2)</p> <p> <i>Limoxera chauliodus</i> Thorell, 1890: 292 (♂, ♀).</p> <p> <i>Tetragnatha chauliodus</i>: Gravely, 1921: 425.</p> <p> <i>T. chauliodus</i>: Okuma, 1987: 62, fig. 15A–E (♀)</p> <p> <i>T. chauliodus</i>: Okuma, 1988b: 196, fig. 11A–L (♂, ♀, misidentified, = <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b>)</p> <p> <i>T. chauliodus</i>: Tanikawa, 1990: 9, figs. 1–9 (♂, ♀, misidentified, = <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b>)</p> <p> <i>T. chauliodus</i>: Okuma <i>et al.</i>, 1993: 44, fig. 40A–G (♂, ♀, misidentified, = <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b>)</p> <p> <i>T. chauliodus</i>: Song <i>et al.</i>, 1999: 221, figs. 126A, G, W, X, 127A, B (♂, ♀, misidentified, = <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b>) <i>T. chauliodus</i>: Zhu <i>et al.</i>, 2003: 128, figs. 59A–G, 60A–G (♀, but ♂ misidentified, = <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b>)</p> <p> <i>Tetragnatha zhangfu</i> Zhu <i>et al.</i>, 2003: 197, fig. 107A–H (♂) <b>new synonymy</b></p> <p> <i>T. chauliodus</i>: Tanikawa, 2007: 108, figs. 401, 402, 865–867 (misidentified, = <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b>)</p> <p> <i>T. chauliodus</i>: Tanikawa, 2009: 416, figs. 107–109 (misidentified, = <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b>)</p> <p> <i>T. chauliodus</i>: Basu & Raychaudhuri, 2016: 219, fig. 6–10, 40–44 (♀, misidentified, = <i>T. bogotensis</i> Keyserling, 1865)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> <i>Tetragnatha chauliodus</i>: SINGAPORE: ♂ lectotype and ♀ paralectotype herein designated (Coll. Cel. Workman) (NHRS: GULI000070711), <b>examined</b> (<b>photos</b>); MALAYSIA: ♀ paralectotype, Penang [Pinang] (Coll. Cel. Workman), <b>not examined</b>. <i>Tetragnatha zhangfu</i>: CHINA: ♂ holotype, 1♂ and 2 immatures paratypes, Menglun [or Menglong] county (21°054’N, 101°12’E), Yunnan Province (Coll. Zhang Chao, 24.VI.2001), <b>examined (photos)</b>.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. BRAZIL, <b>Rio de Janeiro</b>: <i>Cachoeiras de Macacu</i>: Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, 08.VIII.2016, R. Baptista leg., 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 juveniles [MNRJ 7518 (lost), UFRJ 1313, UFRJ 1566].</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. Male chelicerae of <i>T. chauliodus</i> are similar to those of <i>T. keyserlingi</i>, as both species lack ‘sl’ and share the same position and similar shape of ‘t’, Gu and ‘rsu’ (Fig. 9D, E; Castanheira <i>et al.</i> 2019, figs 8D, E, 10A). However, <i>T. chauliodus</i> has smaller chelicerae, with more pronounced ‘t’, more elongated and basalward projected Gu, longer and straighter ‘T’, much longer ‘Gl’ and only five additional teeth in ventral row (Fig. 9 D–F). Palps of <i>T. chauliodus</i> are similar to <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species,</b> sharing thin transparent conductor covering the very sclerotized embolus as a thin pouch with large terminal cap, paracymbium with undivided notch, with very wide translucent lobe and large knob (Figs 7 E–G, 9H–J). <i>T. chauliodus</i> can be distinguished by small tibia, wider terminal cap of the conductor, embolus without straight tip, bearing a terminal curvature and paracymbium with straight distally projected notch, translucent lobe lighter and far from reaching up the notch and knob in a more basal position (Fig. 8 H–J).</p> <p> Female chelicerae of <i>T. chauliodus</i> are more alike to those of <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> and <i>T. tenuissima</i> sharing similar elongated upper crests (CRu) and Gu similar in shape and size (Figs 8A, 10D, E, 13C, D, 14C; Okuma 1988b, fig. 40B; Tanikawa 1990, fig. 4). <i>T. chauliodus</i> and <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> are set apart by chelicerae having only Gu on CRu and apart from U2 by large gap, larger Gl, longer L2, and by the fang bearing a basal cusp (BC), besides having longer genital fold (Fig. 8A, B, 10 E–G; Okuma 1988b, fig. 40B, F; Tanikawa 1990, figs 3–5). Finally, <i>T. chauliodus</i> differs from <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> by the presence of an extremely elongated median cusp (MC), which is very reduced or absent in the new species (Fig. 10 E–G).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <i>Male</i>: Carapace yellow, elongated, much narrower anteriorly and with two darker thin parallel lines from the cephalic furrow, passing through the fovea, reaching the posterior rim (Fig. 9A). Labium brown and very elongated (Fig. 9C). Sternum light yellow contoured in brown (Fig. 9C). Posterior eyes evenly separate with almost same diameter, AME centrally placed, with moderate gap apart from PME, ALE and PME almost touching. Legs yellow and very elongated (Fig. 9 A–C). Paturon more than 3x longer than wide and little over 60% as long as the carapace, moderately curved outwards, around 45° from the median line of the body (Fig. 9A, D, F), thick, and well carved near the apex, after the insertion of the excavated ‘a’, which is protruding, moderately thick, projected distal- and a little outward, and clearly bent from the middle to the apex (Fig. 9 D–G). ‘t’ small, blunt, upward projected, and located close to ‘a’ (Fig. 9D, E). AXu absent (Fig. 9D, E). Upper row with five uneven teeth (Fig. 9D, E): Gu large, bent basal- and slightly downward, 40% shorter than ‘T’ and apart from it by a significant gap; ‘sl’ absent; ‘T’ thorn-like, long, thin, and almost straight, a little bent downward and ‘rsu’ with three teeth decreasing in size. AXl extremely reduced (Fig. 9E, F). Lower row with six teeth (Fig. 9E, F): Gl long, thin and slightly pointed distalward, adjoined to the basis of the fang alongside L2, both on a soft crest and apart by a small gap; L2–L5 slightly pointing upward, L2 bulkier than L3–L5 which have approximately the same size and L6 much smaller than the others. Cheliceral fang as wide as its base, bent inward and thinner from its proximal end (Fig. 9 D–F). Abdomen cylindrical, slender, around 2.4x longer than the carapace, with six grey patches on each side of its dorsum (the first two lighter) (Fig. 9 A–C). Palps with a very elongated cymbium, bearing thin basis, a slight constriction at the middle, and the distal third thin and slightly curved prolaterally, ending in a roundish point (Fig. 9 H–J); cymbial tarsal organ vey wide, strongly developed (Fig. 9H); tegulum spherical and inflated, more than two times wider than high (Fig. 9H); conductor twisted near mid-way, with thin edges enfolding over the embolus as a thin pouch on its median portion and projected as a small transparent cap near the apex (Fig. 9H, I); embolus thick, originating at the middle portion of the bulb, near the cymbium, with a long leveled curve at the initial portion, followed by a strong upward curve, then a long almost straight median portion and a ‘S’-shaped terminal portion up to the apex, which is hidden by the conductor (Fig. 9H, I); paracymbium wide and elongated, not slanted, tapering toward a finger-like projected notch; translucid lobe wide and long, occupying almost all the ventral side and extending medially for most of the width of the paracymbium; ectal side contoured by a darker line medially and with a large knob, wider than long, with a round tip (Fig. 9J).</p> <p>Total length 5.93. Carapace 1.74 long, 0.83 wide. Abdomen 4.19 long, 0.60 wide. Left chelicera 1.11 long, 0.34 wide. Leg formula I–IV–II–III. Leg I: femur 5.71, patella 0.64, tibia 5.84, metatarsus 5.94 and tarsus 1.50. Leg II: patella + tibia 3.72. Leg III: patella + tibia 1.40. Leg IV: patella + tibia 3.97.</p> <p> <i>Female</i>: Carapace color, endites, fovea, eyes, labium and legs as in male (Fig. 10 A–C). Paturon yellow, around 2,7x longer than wide, less than half as long the carapace and gently curved outwards, around 30° from median line of the body, slightly carved near the apex on its upper and outer sides, bearing well projected and distalward teeth on both rows, with CRu facing near the basis of Gu (Fig. 10 D–G). AXu and AXl absent. Upper row with seven teeth (Fig. 10D, E): Gu next to the base of fang and on the distal end of CRu, placed on the top of a deep furrow, apart from U2 by a very large gap, U2–U7 decreasing in size, except by U4 which is smaller and thinner than the others, sharing the same basis with U3. Lower row with eleven teeth (Fig. 10E, F): Gl thicker, less pointed and clearly projected downward than other teeth, apart from L2 by a small gap, L3–L5 decreasing in size, L6–L8 also decreasing in size but longer than L5, L9 smaller than all teeth and followed by L10 and L11 with about the same size of L5. Cheliceral fang straight and wide at the basis, abruptly tapering and basalward slanting from its mid-way on, closing between both rows and bearing a small pyramidal basal cusp (BC) and am elongated thumb-like median cusp (MC) at the final of the basal fourth, projected both basal- and downward (Fig. 10 D–G). Abdomen with same shape as in male but nude, around 3x longer than the carapace (Fig. 10 A–C), dorsally pale beige, covered by guanine spots, scantier at the middle line, with a pale patch on folium (Fig. 10A, B). Venter pale brown, flattened and nude, with neither drawings nor patches (Figs. 10C). Genital fold approximately 1.6x wider than long, large, elongated and laterally compressed in half of its length, with a blunt and straight tip (Fig. 10H). As this female is one of a kind, the vulva was not dissected, but it can be easily observed in Zhu <i>et al.</i> (2003, fig. 59G) and bears two small rounded spermathecae connected to a large subquadrate <i>uterus externus</i> and a slender cylindrical centrally placed central membranous sac.</p> <p>Total length 8.21. Carapace 2.09 long, 0.87 wide. Abdomen 6.11 long, 0.64 wide. Left chelicera 0.97 long, 0.36 wide. Leg formula I–IV–II–III. Leg I: femur 5.15, patella 0.77, tibia 5.87, metatarsus 5.92 and tarsus 1.53. Leg II: patella + tibia 3.87. Leg III: patella + tibia 1.50. Leg IV: patella + tibia 4.08.</p> <p> <b>Synonymic notes and variation</b>. In the original description of <i>Tetragnatha chauliodus,</i> Thorell (1890: 292) cited many somatic characters, but included no illustrations. He based the species on a couple from Singapore and an additional female from Malaysia. He clearly cited the presence of a long MC in the fang of the females he exam- ined (Thorell, 1890: 295). Afterwards, many authors redescribed <i>T. chauliodus</i>, based on specimens from different countries, with comprehensive illustrations of chelicerae and genitalia of both sexes (<i>e.g.</i> Okuma, 1987, 1988b; Okuma <i>et al.</i>, 1993; Tanikawa, 1990; Song <i>et al.</i>, 1999; Zhu <i>et al.</i>, 2003). However, there are at least two different species identified and illustrated as <i>T. chauliodus</i>, sometimes with males and females not well-matched.</p> <p> The male and female syntypes of <i>T. chauliodus</i> from Singapore (Fig. 11 A–C) belong to just one species. We herein formally designate the male from Singapore as lectotype. Both the female from Singapore (examined through photos) and the one from Malaysia (not examined) are then regarded as paralectotypes. Our choice is based on the order of description and measurements on Thorell (1890). Typical males of <i>T. chauliodus</i>, characterized, for example, by Gu very pointed, curved basalward, large ‘t’ and thin and pointed Gl, have been associated with females bearing long MC and robust, straight Gl, as in the Singapore syntypes or our Brazilian specimens (Figs. 9 D–F, 10C).</p> <p> In his paper on spiders from India, Gravely (1921) cited <i>T. chauliodus</i> in a section on previously described oriental species of <i>Tetragnatha</i> that could possibly occur in that country. He gave a brief redescription of it, directly based on Thorell’s original description, without any mention to Indian specimens. Okuma (1987, fig. 15) was the first author to illustrate true females of <i>T. chauliodus</i>, adding Papua New Guinea to the species distribution. Following Roewer (1942), she also cited <i>T. chauliodus</i> for Burma [currently Myanmar]. Other doubtful record was given by Okuma (1988b) for Thailand. As all three authors have failed to cite any specimens or previous citations for those countries and we have not also been able to found any actual specimen from them, we do not include India, Myanmar or Thailand in the species distribution, in contrast to the World Spider Catalog (2020).</p> <p> Okuma (1988b) also misidentified part of the specimens she used on her redescription of <i>T. chauliodus</i>, illustrating typical male and female of <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> from Taiwan as this species. She associated those males with females from several countries from Australasia, differing in the presence and size of the median cusp, considering this character as variable within the species. She mentioned that females from Southern countries, as Singapore and Papua New Guinea, had long MC, Philippine specimens had intermediate MC, while specimens from Northern countries, as Taiwan, had small or absent MC. We have not been able to examine female specimens cited by Okuma, but we do not believe that all her females belong to one and the same species, as we pointed above in the diagnosis and notes section of <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b>.</p> <p> Our studies reveal that females from China, Taiwan and Japan have usually been collected associated with typical <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> males (<i>e.g,</i> Okuma, 1988b, fig. 40A–G, Tanikawa 1990, figs 1–9). On the other hand, female specimens from southern countries, as the Singapore paralectotype or our specimen from Brazil, were found at the same localities as typical <i>T. chauliodus</i> males.</p> <p> Actual females of <i>T. chauliodus</i> have paturon shorter and bulkier, Gu not quite sclerotized, with large basis connected to the CRu, Gl medium-sized, transversally placed pointing midway from the inner side, L2 longer and thin, fangs almost straight from the middle third on, without concavity or keel at its inner margin, with long and clearly visible MC (Fig. 10 D–G), contrasting to the same structures in <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> (Fig. 8A, B). We have not examined any intermediate specimen between the two kinds of females, but we cannot rule out that there may be variation on the cited characters, as in the Philippine specimen cited by Okuma (1988b). However, only a thorough examination of many specimens from Australasia in a future work will settle this question. For now, we prefer to follow the data we have and associate the two kinds of females examined to the males collected at the same areas.</p> <p> Another important bit of information on this question was given by Zhu <i>et al.</i>, 2003. They redescribed females (fig. 59A–G) and males (fig. 60A–G) of “ <i>T. chauliodus</i> ” and gave a handful of records from Yunnan and Hainan provinces, China, besides describing a new species, <i>T. zhangfu</i> Zhu <i>et al.</i> 2003 (fig. 107A–I), also from Yunnan, China. They misidentified the male of <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> as <i>T. chauliodus</i>, probably following Okuma (1988b) and Tanikawa (1990), describing the actual <i>T. chauliodus</i> male as <i>T. zhangfu</i>. After examining photos of <i>T. zhangfu</i> holotype (Fig. 11 D–G), we concluded that it has small differences on chelicerae and genitalia, but it clearly belongs to the real <i>T. chauliodus</i>, matching well with photos of the male lectotype of this species (Fig. 11A, B). Therefore, we herein synonymize <i>T. zhangfu</i> Zhu <i>et al.</i> 2003 with <i>T. chauliodus</i> Thorell, 1890 <b>new synonymy.</b></p> <p> <b>MAP 2.</b> Distribution of <i>T. megalocera</i> <b>new species</b> and the first record of <i>T. chauliodus</i> for the Neotropics.</p> <p> The female Zhang <i>et al</i>. (2003) associated to the male of <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> actually belongs to <i>T. chauliodus</i>. The female of <i>T. chauliodus</i>, the male of <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> (considered as <i>T. chauliodus</i>) and the actual male of <i>T. chauliodus</i> (holotype of <i>T. zhangfu</i>) have all been collected at the same locality: Meilun (or Meilong) county, Yunnan province (21°54’N, 101°12’E). For the best of our knowledge, this is the only area where both species have been collected together.</p> <p> Finally, it is important to highlight that due to the terrible fire that destroyed MNRJ collection, the one and only male specimen of <i>T. chauliodus</i> we collected was destroyed. Because photos were previously taken (except the detailed SEM photos), it was possible to proceed with its redescription above. Furthermore, despite the strong collecting effort at the type-locality throughout the last three years during a yet unpublished taxonomic survey in Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, we were not able to collect any other specimens of <i>T. chauliodus</i>.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. This species is originally recorded from Asia, ranging from China in the North to Malaysia and Singapore in the Southeast, and also Papua New Guinea in Oceania, after Okuma (1987). In the Neotropical region, the first and only record of this species is from Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (Map 2). Additionally, the record given by Okuma (1988b) for Philippines may be correct, but we have not been able to examine specimens from this country. The collection of this species in Brazil may indicate that is has a larger but still undocumented distribution throughout the world.</p>Published as part of <i>Castanheira, Pedro De Souza & Baptista, Renner Luiz Cerqueira, 2020, Notes on slender species of the long-jawed spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae Tetragnathidae) with description of three new species, pp. 43-75 in Zootaxa 4768 (1)</i> on pages 59-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4768.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3777828">http://zenodo.org/record/3777828</a&gt

Tetragnatha megalocera Castanheira & Baptista 2020, new species

<i>Tetragnatha megalocera</i> new species <p>(Figs 1–3, Map 2)</p> <p> <b>Type material</b>. <b>Type material</b>. Holotype ♂. BRAZIL, <b>Rio Grande do Sul</b>: <i>São Leopoldo</i>: 25.IX.1987, C. J. Becker leg. (MCTP 0357). Paratypes: BRAZIL, <b>Espírito Santo</b>: <i>Anchieta</i>: CSV (Macega), 24.I.2009, sweeping, R. Baptista leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1476); <b>Rio de Janeiro</b>: <i>Cachoeiras de Macacu</i>: Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, Lagoa, 17.XII.2017, R. Baptista leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1565); <i>Mendes</i>: Centro Marista São José das Paineiras (Sede), 22°30’35.1”S, 043°45’16.5”W, 551 m, 1.XI.2014, looking up, R. Baptista leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1477); <b>Rio Grande do FIGURE</b> 1. <i>Tetragnatha megalocera</i> <b>new species</b> male holotype: <b>A</b>, dorsal habitus. <b>B</b>, lateral habitus. <b>C</b>, ventral habitus. <b>D–G</b>, left chelicera; <b>D</b>, upper view. <b>E</b>, inner view. <b>F</b>, lower view. <b>G</b>, outer view. <b>H–J</b>, left palp; <b>H</b>, mesal view. <b>I</b>, dorsal view. <b>J</b>, ventral view (paracymbium). Scale bars, A, B, C, 2 mm; D, E, F, G, H, I, J, 0.2 mm.</p> <p> <b>Sul</b>: <i>Cachoeira do Sul</i>: Capão Grande, 27.VIII.1992, R. G. Buss leg., 4 ♂, 2 ♀, 2 immatures (MCTP 3374); <i>idem</i>, Porteira Sete, 12.IX.1992, R. G. Buss leg., 5 ♂, 4 ♀, 8 immatures (MCTP 3383); <i>São Leopoldo</i>: 01.IX.1986, C. J. Becker leg., 1 ♂ (MCTP 0333); <i>idem</i>, 1 ♂ (UFRJ 1481 ex MCTP 0333); <i>Taquara</i>: Morro da Pedra, 17.II.1995, A. D. Brescovit leg., 1 ♀ (IBSP 6735); <b>Santa Catarina</b>: <i>Florianópolis</i>: Parque do Córrego, 01.XI.2011, Alunos curso UFSC leg., 1 ♂ (IBSP 220810); <b>São Paulo</b>: <i>Peruíbe</i>: Estação Ecológica Juréia Itatins, 24°33’S, 47°13’02’’W, 14–18.xii.1998, A. D. Brescovit <i>et al.</i> leg., 1 ♀ (IBSP 22922); 16.XII.1998, A. D. Brescovit <i>et al</i>. leg., 1 ♂ (IBSP 22448); <i>Ubatuba</i>: Serra do Mar State Park, Núcleo Picinguaba, 29.X–02.XI.2008, R. Baptista leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1482).</p> <p> <b>Additional material examined.</b> BRAZIL, <b>Espírito Santo</b>: <i>Anchieta</i>: CSV (Macega), 24.I.2009, looking up, A. Pérez-González leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1478); <i>Cariacica</i>: Duas Caras, 20.29159°S, 40.51949°W, 13.X.2005, T. Souza <i>et al.</i>, 1 ♂ (IBSP 133175); <b>Rio de Janeiro</b>: <i>Cachoeiras de Macacu</i>: Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, 09.IX.2018, looking up, G. O. Assunção leg., 1 ♂ (UFRJ 1517); <i>Macaé</i>: Terminal Cabiúnas (Mata da Fazenda), 15.III.2011, beating, R. Baptista leg., 2 ♀ (MNRJ 7517, lost); Terminal Cabiúnas (Mata do Gasoduto), 22.XI.2013, looking up, D. R. Pedroso leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1479); 23.II.2016, looking up, D. R. Pedroso leg., 1 ♀ (UFRJ 1480); <b>Rio Grande do Sul</b>: <i>Cachoeira do Sul</i>: Capanezinho, 17.X.1992, R. G. Buss leg., 1 ♂ (MCTP 41481); <i>idem</i>, Cordilheira, 09.IX.1992, R. G. Buss leg., 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 1 immature (MCTP 3379); 2 ♂, 2 immatures (MCTP 3380); <i>idem</i>, Porteira Sete, 26.VIII.1992, R. G. Buss leg., 2 ♂, 2 immatures (MCTP 3384); 31.X.1992, R. G. Buss leg., 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 3 imma- tures (MCTP 41483); <i>Guaíba</i>: 14.VII.1995, A. A. Lise <i>et al.</i> leg., 1 ♂ (MCTP 6689); <i>Nova Santa Rita</i>: 23.V.2009, A. Oliveira leg., 1 ♂ (MCTP 37284); <i>Novos Cabrais</i>: 27.I.2010, R. G. Buss leg., 1 ♂ (MCTP 27885); <i>São Francisco de Paula</i>: Potreiro Velho, 05–08.XII.1996, A. A. Lise leg., 1 ♀ (MCTP 13952); São <i>Leopoldo</i>: 28.ix.1987, C. J. Becker leg., 1 ♂ (MCTP 0370); <i>idem</i>, 1 ♂ (MNRJ 7521 ex MCTP 0333, lost); <i>Viamão</i>: Est. Exp. Fitotécnica, 10.X.1995, A. A. Lise leg., 1 ♂ (MCTP 0816); <b>São Paulo</b>: <i>Mongaguá</i>: Sena Guaperuvi, 25.I.1966, Remé leg., 1 ♀ (MZUSP 4780); <i>Peruíbe</i>: Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, 24°33’S, 47°13’2’ W, 26.IV–03.V.1999, A. D. Brescovit <i>et al</i>. leg., 1 ♀ (IBSP 24744); 26.IX–03.X.1999; A. D. Brescovit <i>et al</i>. leg., 1 ♀ (IBSP 25215); <i>Ribeirão Grande</i>: Parque Estadual de Intervales, 17.x.2002, M. O. Gonzaga leg., 1 ♀ (IBSP 58772); <i>São Bernardo do Campo</i>: Estrada do Mar, 07.II.1968, Biasi, Tammi & Boscheno leg., 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 immature (MZUSP 8214).</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The specific epithet “ <i>megalocera</i> ” is a greek word composed of “ <i>megalo</i> ” = large and “ <i>ceras</i> ” = horn, referring to the large hornlike tooth seen in the ventral row of the chelicera of males and females of this species.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. <i>Tetragnatha megalocera</i> <b>new species</b> shares with all species described below (except the female of <i>T. renatoi</i> <b>new species</b>) similar small-sized body, yellowish brown carapace, with thin darker line from eyes to the posterior rim, elongated and rather slender abdomen, with dorsum beige and covered by guanine spots (Figs 1A, B, 2A, B, 4A, B, 7A; 9A, B; 10A, B; 12A, B, 13A, B; Okuma 1992, fig. 21D, G). <i>T. megalocera</i> <b>new species</b>, <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b>, <i>T. chauliodus</i> and <i>T. tenuissima</i> differ from <i>T. renatoi</i> <b>new species</b> by a series of dark grey to black spots on each side of abdomen (Figs 1A, B, 2A, B, 7A; 9A, B; 10A, B; 12A, B, 13A, B; Okuma 1992, fig. 21D, G; Zhu <i>et al.</i> 2003, fig. 59B). Except for the males of <i>T. renatoi</i> <b>new species</b>, the other four species share a robust, elongated and pointed median tooth (T) (Figs 1D–G, 7B–D, 8D–G; 11C–F). <i>T. megalocera</i> <b>new species</b> and <i>T. tenuissima</i> may be set apart from <i>T. chiyokoae</i> <b>new species</b> and <i>T. chauliodus</i> by longer L2, almost adjoined to the basis of Gl (Figs 1E, F, 3B, 7C, D, 12D, E, 14B). Males of <i>T. megalocera</i> <b>new species</b> are diagnosed from <i>T. tenuissima</i> by male chelicerae with conspicuous swelling (S) at the basis of ‘a’, absence of ‘t’, AXu and Gu, much larger and more curved L2 placed close to the smaller Gl, and vestigial or much reduced L3 and L4 (Figs 1D, G, 9C–F). Females of <i>T. megalocera</i> <b>new species</b> share with <i>T. vermiformis</i> Emerton, 1884 similar external and internal genitalia, with short genital plate and two rounded spermathecae, on the edge of genital fold, bearing two lobes (Figs 2H, I, 3I; Castanheira <i>et al.</i> 2019, fig. 18H, I). They also share short and laterally bulged paturon with Gu slightly offset from the row and apart from U2 by large gap (Figs 2D, E, H; Castanheira <i>et al.</i> 2019, figs 18D–G, 19B). Females of <i>T. megalocera</i> <b>new species</b> are set apart by its vulva with two very rounded and massive spermathecae lobes, with poorly sclerotized and developed central membranous sac (Fig. 2I). They are also distinguished from all <i>Tetragnatha</i> by its massive horn-like L2 projected distal- and downward (Figs 2 D–G, 3C).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <i>Male (Holotype)</i>: Carapace yellowish brown, elongated and tapering toward the slightly elevated anterior rim, with parallel borders and thin brown line covering edges from the border of lateral eyes towards posterior rim (Fig. 1A, B). Fovea dusky with smooth strikes (Fig. 1A). Labium long and brown (Fig. 1C). Sternum light brown with darker contour (Fig. 1C). Posterior eyes evenly separate, AME centrally placed, almost touching, ALE smaller and located on edge of carapace (Fig. 1A). Legs yellowish brown with dusky patches on femur (Figs 1A–C). Paturon almost 4x longer than wide, about 80% as long as the carapace, well curved outwards, around 65° from median line of the body, thick and well carved on its external side near the apex, after the insertion of the excavated, thin, regularly bent and distally projected dorsal apophysis (a) bearing a conspicuous swelling (S) at its basis (Figs 1D–G, 3A, B). ‘t’ and AXu absent (Figs 1D, 3A). Upper row with five uneven teeth (Figs 1D, E, 3A): Gu absent; ‘sl’ small, straight, upward projected, three times shorter than ‘T’ and apart from it by a significant gap; ‘T’ thick, slightly pointed distal- and upward with very large basis and ‘rsu’ with three straight pointed teeth decreasing in size. AXl absent. Lower row with seven normal teeth and another two seemingly vestigial (Figs 1E, F, 3B): Gl and L2 very large, blade-shaped and bulky, distalward projected, both sharing the same basis near the fang; Gl smaller, thinner and with a thicker tip in comparison to L2, which is also more distalward curved; L3 and L4 vestigial with marked basis and located in a gap between L2 and L5; L5 and L6 normal, slightly decreasing in size, followed by a thicker and longer L7, ending in L8 and L9, both about the same size of L5 and L6. Cheliceral fang shorter than base, regularly and clearly bent downward, wavy and thinner at distal third, without cusps (Figs 1D–F, 3A, B). Abdomen long, cylindrical and slender, around 3.4x longer than carapace, and bit larger at basis (Fig. 1A–C). Dorsum pale beige, with six black spots in each edge, sparse dots of guanine, especially between the black spots and with contiguous lateral thick black stripe from the anterior rim toward spinnerets (Fig. 1B, C). Venter a little darker than dorsum, with some guanine spots placed in line near the border (Fig. 1C). Epiandrous heart-shaped with a clear central division with only four fusules in each side (Fig. 3H). Palps with median sized tibia, smaller than the elongated cymbium, which bears a large basis, a wide constriction at the middle, and distal third ventrally curved, ending in a wide point, cymbial tarsal organ wide, but not strongly developed (Figs 1H, I, 3D); tegulum roundish, two times wider than high (Figs 1I, 3D); conductor with one pleat, twisted, with thick edges enfolding over the embolus as a wide and projected pouch on its median portion and projected well beyond the embolus apex in a large hood-like pointed bulge, with short tail in ventral view (Figs 1H, I, 3D, E, G); embolus thick, originating near the cymbium basis, with a small downward initial portion, followed by a strong upward curve, then a gently curved terminal portion, tapering towards apex, which is pointed and hidden by the conductor (Fig. 1H–J); paracymbium elongated, downward slanted, tapering towards its divided notch, which bears a blunt mesal edge longer ectal edge; translucid lobe thin, medially placed, occupying more than 50% the paracymbium length, but not reaching its basis, nor its apex; knob large, longer than wide, sclerotized, with a round point basalward projected (Figs 1J, 3F).</p> <p>Total length 7.3. Carapace 1.65 long, 0.91 wide. Abdomen 5.65 long, 0.59 wide. Left chelicera 1.3 long, 0.33 wide. Leg formula I–IV–II–III. Leg I: femur 6.66, patella 0.77, tibia 7.06, metatarsus 7.16 and tarsus 1.68. Leg II: patella + tibia 4.59. Leg III: patella + tibia 1.55. Leg IV: patella + tibia 4.39.</p> <p> <i>Female (Paratype UFRJ 1477)</i>: Carapace, endites, fovea, eyes, labium, and legs as in male (Fig. 2 A–C). Sternum as in male but with darker brown colour (Fig. 2C). Paturon wrinkled below the fang (Fig. 3C), straight, around 2,8x longer than wide and about half as long as the carapace (Fig. 2D, F), medially bulged on both sides, tapering towards the basis of fang, with its colour as in male (Fig. 2G). AXu absent. Upper row with seven teeth (Figs 2D, E, 3C): Gu very sclerotized, slightly displaced from the row and apart from the fang by a gap, directed upward, thinner but about as long as U2 and U3, with a pointed tip; U2–U7 straight, sharp and pointed, apart from Gu by a large gap. U2 larger but a bit shorter than U3, remaining teeth decreasing in size. AXl absent. Lower row with nine teeth (Figs 2E, F, 3C): Gl very short, laterally placed next to the basis of fang, strongly directed downward; L2 horn-like, massive, very elongated, bulky, strongly curved distal- and downward, with acute tip, placed transversally to the row; remaining teeth slightly projected distalward, decreasing in size; L3 elongated, blade-shaped and very sclerotized; L4–L9 still sclerotized, L7 and L8 fused sharing the same basis and thicker than L4–L6; L9 small but longer than the three tiny denticles placed between both rows but adjoined to remaining lower teeth. Cheliceral fang short, thick, slightly bent upward, abruptly tapering to its tip, with inner keel beginning at its middle portion (Figs 2D, F, 3C). Abdomen as in male, around 4.1x longer than the carapace, differing by abundant cover of guanine dots and lack of the first black spot on the dorsum (Fig. 2 A–C). Genital fold short, elevated, approximately 5.5x wider than long, thick and ending in concave and wide tip (Figs. 2H, 3I). Internal genitalia composed of two spermathecae with two massive dumbbell-like rounded lobes, with posterior lobes slightly smaller than the anterior ones and a poorly developed, small and transparent central membranous sac on the top of a median sized neck (Fig. 2I).</p> <p>Total length 9.36. Carapace 1.83 long, 1.06 wide. Abdomen 7.53 long, 0.83 wide. Left chelicera 0.97 long, 0.37 wide. Leg formula I–II–IV–III. Leg I: femur 6.22, patella 0.61, tibia 5.20, metatarsus 7.01 and tarsus 1.35. Leg II: patella + tibia 4.35. Leg III: patella + tibia 1.18. Leg IV: patella + tibia 3.09.</p> <p> <b>Variation</b>. Males (n = 20): total length, 5.67 – 7.90; females (n = 15): total length, 7.32 – 10.03. Male chelicerae vary in teeth conformation on the lower row; the holotype bears L3 and L4 as vestigial teeth while in other specimens, either L3, L4 or both teeth can be developed. On the other hand, we have observed that there is a fusion between the last few teeth in the cheliceral lower row of female; either L7–L8 or L8–L9 can be fused. There are also differences between the denticles located after them, varying in number (up to three) and position (normally adjoined to other teeth).</p> <p> <b>Natural History.</b> This species seems to have lost the association to water bodies, being collected almost exclusively in the interior of forest remnants. Its tiny horizontal orb-web is usually placed on dead branches of trees and large bushes at middle distance (1–2 m) from soil during night. At least one of the web’s rays is firmly adhered to a stick. So, the whole web is bisected by the central stick, with all other rays converging to the hub, where the spider sat perfectly camouflaged (unfortunately, no photos are available).</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. This species reaches from Anchieta, in the south-center of Espírito Santo state, through Macaé in the north and Mendes in the southwest of Rio de Janeiro state, São Bernardo do Campo in centre east and Ubatuba, Mongaguá in northeast São Paulo state, to São Leopoldo and Viamão in the northeast and Cachoeira do Sul in the south-center of Rio Grande do Sul state (Map 2).</p>Published as part of <i>Castanheira, Pedro De Souza & Baptista, Renner Luiz Cerqueira, 2020, Notes on slender species of the long-jawed spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae Tetragnathidae) with description of three new species, pp. 43-75 in Zootaxa 4768 (1)</i> on pages 45-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4768.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3777828">http://zenodo.org/record/3777828</a&gt

Tetragnatha lactescens

<i>Tetragnatha lactescens</i> (Mello-Leitão, 1947) <i>nomen dubium</i> <p>(Figs 16E, F)</p> <p> <i>Agriognatha lactescens</i> Mello-Leitão, 1947: 11, fig. 25 (Holotype female immature from Carmo do Rio Claro, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, J. C. M. Carvalho coll., poorly preserved, abdomen loose, <b>examined</b>).</p> <p> <i>Tetragnatha lactescens</i> Dimitrov & Hormiga, 2009: 98, fig. 64A–D (transfer to <i>Cyrtognatha</i> = lapsus).</p> <p> <b>Notes.</b> This species was described by Mello-Leitão (1947) as an adult female in the genus <i>Agriognatha</i> O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896, later considered a junior-synonym of <i>Cyrtognatha</i> by Dimitrov & Hormiga (2009). Those authors also transferred the species to <i>Tetragnatha</i>, due to its similar morphology, and illustrated the internal genitalia, affirming it had a “bizarre morphology” (Dimitrov & Hormiga 2009 fig. 64A, C, D). We believe the rather damaged holotype is an immature female, due to its small body and its short and undeveloped chelicerae (Fig. 16E, F). We also consider the “bizarreness” of the internal genitalia (unfortunately lost) as a sign that it is underdeveloped, thus showing a pattern not found in any genitalia of fully-grown females we examined. Therefore, we consider this species as a <i>nomen dubium</i>.</p> <p> <b>Acknowledgments</b></p> <p> We would like to thank all curators for the loan of specimens, for depositing type-material in their collections, or for kindly receiving the first author in their institutions. Also, we are thankful to Dr. Feng Zhang and Dr. Akio Tanikawa for sending many photos of one of the new species and for properly depositing its type-material, and Julia Stigenberg and Gunvi Lindberg for the photos of <i>T. chauliodus</i> ’ syntypes (© 2020 Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet) – Made available by the Swedish Museum of Natural History under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License, CC-BY 4.0 [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode]. We are in debt to Dr. José Ricardo M. Mermudes for the use of the automontage microscope at Laboratório de Entomologia/UFRJ and to Marcelo Henrique de Oliveira for all the assistance on taking SEM photos at Laboratório de Imagem/UFRJ. Finally, we thank the editor Dr. Gustavo Hormiga and three anonymous reviewers for the welcome suggestions that enriched our manuscript, completely re-shaping it. This study was only possible due to a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) scholarship (88882.183274/2018-01) and a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) travel grant to the first author.</p>Published as part of <i>Castanheira, Pedro De Souza & Baptista, Renner Luiz Cerqueira, 2020, Notes on slender species of the long-jawed spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae Tetragnathidae) with description of three new species, pp. 43-75 in Zootaxa 4768 (1)</i> on pages 72-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4768.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3777828">http://zenodo.org/record/3777828</a&gt

Tetragnathidae Menge 1866

Family Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866 <p> <b>Genus</b> <i>Tetragnatha</i> <b>Latreille, 1804</b></p>Published as part of <i>Castanheira, Pedro De Souza & Baptista, Renner Luiz Cerqueira, 2020, Notes on slender species of the long-jawed spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae Tetragnathidae) with description of three new species, pp. 43-75 in Zootaxa 4768 (1)</i> on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4768.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3777828">http://zenodo.org/record/3777828</a&gt