Le web matrimonial des migrants:L'économie du profilage au service d'une nouvelle forme de commerce ethnique

Cet article se propose d'engager une réflexion sur le web matrimonial des migrants (WMM) en tant que forme inédite de commerce ethnique posant l'égalité « faire du commerce » = « faire du réseau » (et non plus s'appuyer sur des réseaux ethniques préexistants). Le WMM est fondée sur une économie du profilage singulière puisque dépendante d'une ethnicisation des profils (et donc des utilisateurs): « faire du réseau » = « ethniciser ». Enfin, le WMM implique mobilité et migrations (avec des différences capitales en terme de genre): « faire du réseau » = « naviguer, bouger, migrer ».This article analyses the 'migrants' matrimonial Web'? as an original form of ethnic business that equates 'doing business'? to 'networking'? (i.e. creating new networks rather than relying on existing ethnic ones). The authors show that it is based on an unusual profiling economy in which profiles (and therefore users) are ethnicized: 'networking'? = 'ethnicizing'?. As the matrimonial Web implies mobility and migration (with significant gender differences), 'networking'? also means 'surfing, moving, and migrating'?

Microscopic correlation between chemical and electronic states in epitaxial graphene on SiC(000-1)

We present energy filtered electron emission spectromicroscopy with spatial and wave-vector resolution on few layer epitaxial graphene on SiC$(000-1) grown by furnace annealing. Low energy electron microscopy shows that more than 80% of the sample is covered by 2-3 graphene layers. C1s spectromicroscopy provides an independent measurement of the graphene thickness distribution map. The work function, measured by photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM), varies across the surface from 4.34 to 4.50eV according to both the graphene thickness and the graphene-SiC interface chemical state. At least two SiC surface chemical states (i.e., two different SiC surface structures) are present at the graphene/SiC interface. Charge transfer occurs at each graphene/SiC interface. K-space PEEM gives 3D maps of the k_|| pi - pi* band dispersion in micron scale regions show that the Dirac point shifts as a function of graphene thickness. Novel Bragg diffraction of the Dirac cones via the superlattice formed by the commensurately rotated graphene sheets is observed. The experiments underline the importance of lateral and spectroscopic resolution on the scale of future electronic devices in order to precisely characterize the transport properties and band alignments

Modeling of Young's modulus variations with temperature of Ni and oxidized Ni using a magneto-mechanical approach

International audienceThin films and coatings are usually used to give functional properties to the surface of the underlying substrate but are never seen as load bearing due to a very low film to substrate thickness ratio. However, this ratio can increase in some specific domains (such as transportation), where the weight reduction is a high stake. This study deals with the influence of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) NiO on the evolution of the elastic modulus of nickel with temperature. For pure nickel, the Young's modulus evolves non-linearly with temperature, from room temperature up to 360°C, corresponding to the Curie temperature of nickel. The amplitude of these variations can be drastically reduced with the presence of the NiO TGO. The purpose of this study is to propose a modeling of these phenomenon using magneto-mechanical approach. A first analytical modeling takes the change of the saturation magnetization, of the initial anhysteretic susceptibility and of the maximal magnetostriction with a relaxation of magneto-crystalline anisotropy concomitant to increasing temperature, into account. The second modeling is a numerical modeling giving the average behavior of a representative volume element. It allows a continuous description of the change with temperature of the Young's modulus and a clear interpretation of the effect of a coating. This gives an insight for future promising applications

Construction of a dairy microbial genome catalog opens new perspectives for the metagenomic analysis of dairy fermented products

Microbial communities of traditional cheeses are complex and insufficiently characterized. The origin, safety and functional role in cheese making of these microbial communities are still not well understood. Metagenomic analysis of these communities by high throughput shotgun sequencing is a promising approach to characterize their genomic and functional profiles. Such analyses, however, critically depend on the availability of appropriate reference genome databases against which the sequencing reads can be aligned. We built a reference genome catalog suitable for short read metagenomic analysis using a low-cost sequencing strategy. We selected 142 bacteria isolated from dairy products belonging to 137 different species and 67 genera, and succeeded to reconstruct the draft genome of 117 of them at a standard or high quality level, including isolates from the genera Kluyvera, Luteococcus and Marinilactibacillus, still missing from public database. To demonstrate the potential of this catalog, we analysed the microbial composition of the surface of two smear cheeses and one blue-veined cheese, and showed that a significant part of the microbiota of these traditional cheeses was composed of microorganisms newly sequenced in our study. Our study provides data, which combined with publicly available genome references, represents the most expansive catalog to date of cheese-associated bacteria. Using this extended dairy catalog, we revealed the presence in traditional cheese of dominant microorganisms not deliberately inoculated, mainly Gram-negative genera such as Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis or Psychrobacter immobilis, that may contribute to the characteristics of cheese produced through traditional methods.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-110

Mutations in components of complement influence the outcome of Factor I-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

Genetic studies have shown that mutations of complement inhibitors such as membrane cofactor protein, Factors H, I, or B and C3 predispose patients to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Factor I is a circulating serine protease that inhibits complement by degrading C3b and up to now only a few mutations in the CFI gene have been characterized. In a large cohort of 202 patients with aHUS, we identified 23 patients carrying exonic mutations in CFI. Their overall clinical outcome was unfavorable, as half died or developed end-stage renal disease after their first syndrome episode. Eight patients with CFI mutations carried at least one additional known genetic risk factor for aHUS, such as a mutation in MCP, CFH, C3 or CFB; a compound heterozygous second mutation in CFI; or mutations in both the MCP and CFH genes. Five patients exhibited homozygous deletion of the Factor H-related protein 1 (CFHR-1) gene. Ten patients with aHUS had one mutation in their CFI gene (Factor I-aHUS), resulting in a quantitative or functional Factor I deficiency. Patients with a complete deletion of the CFHR-1 gene had a significantly higher risk of a bad prognosis compared with those with one Factor I mutation as their unique vulnerability feature. Our results emphasize the necessity of genetic screening for all susceptibility factors in patients with aHUS

AI (r)evolution -- where are we heading? Thoughts about the future of music and sound technologies in the era of deep learning

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as deep learning are evolving very quickly bringing many changes to our everyday lives. To explore the future impact and potential of AI in the field of music and sound technologies a doctoral day was held between Queen Mary University of London (QMUL, UK) and Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son (STMS, France). Prompt questions about current trends in AI and music were generated by academics from QMUL and STMS. Students from the two institutions then debated these questions. This report presents a summary of the student debates on the topics of: Data, Impact, and the Environment; Responsible Innovation and Creative Practice; Creativity and Bias; and From Tools to the Singularity. The students represent the future generation of AI and music researchers. The academics represent the incumbent establishment. The student debates reported here capture visions, dreams, concerns, uncertainties, and contentious issues for the future of AI and music as the establishment is rightfully challenged by the next generation

Recent Trends in Monitoring of European Water Framework Directive Priority Substances Using Micro-Sensors: A 2007–2009 Review

This review discusses from a critical perspective the development of new sensors for the measurement of priority pollutants targeted in the E.U. Water Framework Directive. Significant advances are reported in the paper and their advantages and limitations are also discussed. Future perspectives in this area are also pointed out in the conclusions. This review covers publications appeared since December 2006 (the publication date of the Swift report). Among priority substances, sensors for monitoring the four WFD metals represent 81% of published papers. None of analyzed publications present a micro-sensor totally validated in laboratory, ready for tests under real conditions in the field. The researches are mainly focused on the sensing part of the micro-sensors. Nevertheless, the main factor limiting micro-sensor applications in the environment is the ruggedness of the receptor towards environmental conditions. This point constitutes the first technological obstacle to be overcome for any long-term field tests

The neurogenic potential of astrocytes is regulated by inflammatory signals

Although the adult brain contains neural stem cells (NSCs) that generate new neurons throughout life, these astrocyte-like populations are restricted to two discrete niches. Despite their terminally differentiated phenotype, adult parenchymal astrocytes can re-acquire NSC-like characteristics following injury, and as such, these 'reactive' astrocytes offer an alternative source of cells for central nervous system (CNS) repair following injury or disease. At present, the mechanisms that regulate the potential of different types of astrocytes are poorly understood. We used in vitro and ex vivo astrocytes to identify candidate pathways important for regulation of astrocyte potential. Using in vitro neural progenitor cell (NPC)-derived astrocytes, we found that exposure of more lineage-restricted astrocytes to either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (via nuclear factor-κB (NFκB)) or the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor, noggin, led to re-acquisition of NPC properties accompanied by transcriptomic and epigenetic changes consistent with a more neurogenic, NPC-like state. Comparative analyses of microarray data from in vitro-derived and ex vivo postnatal parenchymal astrocytes identified several common pathways and upstream regulators associated with inflammation (including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)) and cell cycle control (including TP53) as candidate regulators of astrocyte phenotype and potential. We propose that inflammatory signalling may control the normal, progressive restriction in potential of differentiating astrocytes as well as under reactive conditions and represent future targets for therapies to harness the latent neurogenic capacity of parenchymal astrocytes