Eco-efficience des itinéraires techniques viticoles : intérêt et adaptations de l’analyse du cycle de vie pour la prise en compte des spécificités de la viticulture de qualité

In order to contribute to the effort of eco-efficiency improvement of the wine sctor, especially in the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) contaxt, we worked to identify in which conditions Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an appropriate method for environmental assessment, at plot scale, of quality vineyard Technical Management Routes (TMRs), to permit the choice of the most eco-efficient technical operations and TMRs.A methodological framework for LCA suited to this objective was designed and tested on five real and contrasted TMRs, oriented towards a same qualitative objective. These cases were chosen thanks to an original statistical analysis chain, Typ-iti, on the basis of a survey, among the TMRs producing Chenin blanc grapes for PDO dry white wines in the Middle Lore Valley. Five groups were identified and characterized, threee in conventional viticulture, and two in organic viticulture.The methodological framework that was established includes i) the studied system definition including productive and non-productive phases, ii) the choice of the most suitable and available models for calculation of pollutant direct emissions in the vineyard, iii) the customization of the organic pesticide emision calculation model, Pest LCI 2.0, to viticulture specific needs iv) the inclusion of grape quality in the LCA by two functional units including an original grape quality index.LCA proves to be a method complex but powerful, usable at parcel scale for grape production TMRs choice. It revealed i) contrasted eco-efficiencies for the 5 contrasted TMRs, ii) the viticultural practices responsible for these contrasts, iii) solutions for eco-efficiency improvement and quantification of their eco-efficiency effects.The important effect of the production year on the results, highlighted here on one case, must be taken into account in any viticulture LCA. Numerous perspectives of methodological improvement are discussed here in order to increase relevance and completeness of the results as well as genericity of the method and its accessibility for viticulture development stakeholders.Afin d’accompagner les acteurs des filières viticoles, notamment d’AOC, dans la nécessaire amélioration de l’éco-efficience de leurs produits, nous avons voulu identifier dans quelles conditions l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie est une méthode appropriée à l'évaluation environnementale des itinéraires techniques viticoles (ITKv) de production de raisins de qualité, à l’échelle parcellaire, afin de pouvoir choisir les plus performants. Pour établir et tester un cadre méthodologique de l’ACV, adapté à cet objectif, des ITKv réels et variés visant un même objectif qualitatif sont nécessaires. Nous proposons ici une chaîne de traitement d’enquête originale, Typ-iti, qui permet le choix de cas réels représentant chaque groupe. Cinq groupes ont ainsi été identifiés parmi les ITKv de production de raisins de Chenin blanc pour vins blancs secs d’AOC en Moyenne Vallée de la Loire, dont trois en viticulture conventionnelle et deux en viticulture biologique. Cinq cas réels ont été choisis pour les représenter. L’ACV est ici déclinée pour la viticulture sur la base de ces cinq cas, par l’établissement d’un cadre méthodologique qui comprend : i) la définition de limites du système incluant les phases non productives et productives, ii) le choix des modèles disponibles les plus pertinents, pour le calcul des émissions directes de polluants à la vigne, iii) l’adaptation fine du modèle d’émissions de pesticides organiques Pest LCI 2.0 aux spécificités viticoles, iv) la proposition et le test d’unités fonctionnelles basées sur un indicateur de qualité du raisin original permettant la prise en compte de la qualité dans les ACV de raisins destinés à la production de vins de qualité. L’ACV a révélé, à l’échelle parcellaire, i) des éco-efficiences contrastées pour les cinq ITKv contrastés, ii) les pratiques responsables de ces contrastes, iii) des solutions d’amélioration et leurs effets quantifiés sur les performances environnementales. La généricité des résultats de ces cas aux groupes qu’ils représentent varie selon l’homogénéité des groupes et avec les catégories d’impacts selon qu’elles sont, ou non, conditionnées par le milieu. L’effet important du millésime sur les résultats, mis en évidence ici sur un cas, mérite d’être pris en compte dans toute ACV viticole. De nombreuses perspectives d’améliorations méthodologiques sont discutées ici pour accroître la pertinence et la complétude des résultats ainsi que la généricité de la méthode et pour son application auprès d’acteurs du développement des filières viticoles

Operationalising emission and toxicity modelling of pesticides in LCA: the OLCA-Pest project contribution

Purpose Current field emission modelling and toxicity characterisation of pesticides suffer from several shortcomings like mismatches between LCI databases and LCIA methods, missing characterisation factors, missing environmental compartments, and environmental impact pathways. The OLCA-Pest project was implemented to address these aspects and to operationalise the assessment of pesticides in LCA. Based on this effort, we propose an approach to integrate pesticide emissions into LCI databases. Methods The PestLCI Consensus Model has been developed in order to estimate emission fractions to different environmental compartments. The initial distribution fractions should be linked to the compartments air, agricultural soil, natural soil, and freshwater. Emissions to off-field surfaces are hereby distributed between agricultural soil, natural soil, and freshwater by using surface cover data. Deposition on the crop surface should be recorded in an emission compartment crop with 13 sub-compartments for crop archetypes for both food and non-food uses. Default emission fractions are provided to calculate the emission fractions for different pesticide application scenarios. Results and discussion A sensitivity analysis shows the effects of the application technique, drift reduction, crop and development stage, field width, and buffer zone on the initial distribution fractions of field-applied pesticides. Recommendations are given for the implementation of a set of default initial distribution fractions into LCI databases, for the organisation of metadata, and for the modelling of pesticide residues in food along the supply chain (processing, storage). Priorities for further research are: improving the modelling of pesticide secondary emissions, further extending emission modeling (e.g. additional application techniques, including cover crops), considering metal-based pesticides in emission models, and systematically assessing human health impacts associated with pesticide residues in food crops. Conclusions The proposed approach allows to preserve the mass balance of the pesticide emitted after application, to make a consistent assessment of ecotoxicity and human toxicity, to define a clear and consistent interface between the LCI and LCIA phases, to estimate initial emission distribution fractions based on existing data, to document metadata transparently and efficiently within crop datasets, and to model the removal of pesticide residues in food during processing.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Eco-efficiency of vineyard technical management routes : Interests and adaptations of Life Cycle Assessment to account for specificities of quality viticulture

Afin d’accompagner les acteurs des filières viticoles, notamment d’AOC, dans la nécessaire amélioration de l’éco-efficience de leurs produits, nous avons voulu identifier dans quelles conditions l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie est une méthode appropriée à l'évaluation environnementale des itinéraires techniques viticoles (ITKv) de production de raisins de qualité, à l’échelle parcellaire, afin de pouvoir choisir les plus performants. Pour établir et tester un cadre méthodologique de l’ACV, adapté à cet objectif, des ITKv réels et variés visant un même objectif qualitatif sont nécessaires. Nous proposons ici une chaîne de traitement d’enquête originale, Typ-iti, qui permet le choix de cas réels représentant chaque groupe. Cinq groupes ont ainsi été identifiés parmi les ITKv de production de raisins de Chenin blanc pour vins blancs secs d’AOC en Moyenne Vallée de la Loire, dont trois en viticulture conventionnelle et deux en viticulture biologique. Cinq cas réels ont été choisis pour les représenter. L’ACV est ici déclinée pour la viticulture sur la base de ces cinq cas, par l’établissement d’un cadre méthodologique qui comprend : i) la définition de limites du système incluant les phases non productives et productives, ii) le choix des modèles disponibles les plus pertinents, pour le calcul des émissions directes de polluants à la vigne, iii) l’adaptation fine du modèle d’émissions de pesticides organiques Pest LCI 2.0 aux spécificités viticoles, iv) la proposition et le test d’unités fonctionnelles basées sur un indicateur de qualité du raisin original permettant la prise en compte de la qualité dans les ACV de raisins destinés à la production de vins de qualité. L’ACV a révélé, à l’échelle parcellaire, i) des éco-efficiences contrastées pour les cinq ITKv contrastés, ii) les pratiques responsables de ces contrastes, iii) des solutions d’amélioration et leurs effets quantifiés sur les performances environnementales. La généricité des résultats de ces cas aux groupes qu’ils représentent varie selon l’homogénéité des groupes et avec les catégories d’impacts selon qu’elles sont, ou non, conditionnées par le milieu. L’effet important du millésime sur les résultats, mis en évidence ici sur un cas, mérite d’être pris en compte dans toute ACV viticole. De nombreuses perspectives d’améliorations méthodologiques sont discutées ici pour accroître la pertinence et la complétude des résultats ainsi que la généricité de la méthode et pour son application auprès d’acteurs du développement des filières viticoles.In order to contribute to the effort of eco-efficiency improvement of the wine sctor, especially in the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) contaxt, we worked to identify in which conditions Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an appropriate method for environmental assessment, at plot scale, of quality vineyard Technical Management Routes (TMRs), to permit the choice of the most eco-efficient technical operations and TMRs.A methodological framework for LCA suited to this objective was designed and tested on five real and contrasted TMRs, oriented towards a same qualitative objective. These cases were chosen thanks to an original statistical analysis chain, Typ-iti, on the basis of a survey, among the TMRs producing Chenin blanc grapes for PDO dry white wines in the Middle Lore Valley. Five groups were identified and characterized, threee in conventional viticulture, and two in organic viticulture.The methodological framework that was established includes i) the studied system definition including productive and non-productive phases, ii) the choice of the most suitable and available models for calculation of pollutant direct emissions in the vineyard, iii) the customization of the organic pesticide emision calculation model, Pest LCI 2.0, to viticulture specific needs iv) the inclusion of grape quality in the LCA by two functional units including an original grape quality index.LCA proves to be a method complex but powerful, usable at parcel scale for grape production TMRs choice. It revealed i) contrasted eco-efficiencies for the 5 contrasted TMRs, ii) the viticultural practices responsible for these contrasts, iii) solutions for eco-efficiency improvement and quantification of their eco-efficiency effects.The important effect of the production year on the results, highlighted here on one case, must be taken into account in any viticulture LCA. Numerous perspectives of methodological improvement are discussed here in order to increase relevance and completeness of the results as well as genericity of the method and its accessibility for viticulture development stakeholders

Lca comparison results with midpoint method associated wtih fuzzy logic Vs. endpoint method

Oral papers. Methods and Data 1 4. Methods and data 234.Chapitre 8International audienceThe life cycle assessment (LCA) quantifies impacts, on the environment components, of the emitted or consumed substances. At a "midpoint" level, the end-user has to deal with results in many impact categories. A new multi-criteria assessment method provieds a solution to aggregate, together, those results. This study's objective is to compare two methods giving a final indicator provided by the result of the LCIA mehtod, in order to help end-users optimize the use of the caclulation results. The LCIA studies have been doe ten grape production plots, with five contrasted vineyard management routes and two contrasted years. The "ReCiPe" characterization methods were used to compare "endpoint" results, with "midpoint" results associated with an aggregarive method : CONTRA, i.e. "transparent Construction of Decision tree" (Bockstaller, 2016) developed for viticulture. The "midpoint+CONTRA-QUALENVIC" method is a new multi-criteria decision analysis method (MCDA), using expert systems, associated to fuzzy logic. In the presented results, both methods have provided a similar ranking for 80 % of the individuals. The presented results show that the "endpoint" mehtod does note clearly differentiate the first five individual. Both methods provide also intermediary criteria. The results obtained by the two methods are consistent, going in the same direction and provide good representation of the indicators results. However, "midpoint" + CONTRA-QUALENVIC" method has the advantage of giving the possibility to go back to details of the "midpoint" impact origin provided by the LCIA

Lca comparison results with midpoint method associated wtih fuzzy logic Vs. endpoint method

Oral papers. Methods and Data 1 4. Methods and data 234.Chapitre 8International audienceThe life cycle assessment (LCA) quantifies impacts, on the environment components, of the emitted or consumed substances. At a "midpoint" level, the end-user has to deal with results in many impact categories. A new multi-criteria assessment method provieds a solution to aggregate, together, those results. This study's objective is to compare two methods giving a final indicator provided by the result of the LCIA mehtod, in order to help end-users optimize the use of the caclulation results. The LCIA studies have been doe ten grape production plots, with five contrasted vineyard management routes and two contrasted years. The "ReCiPe" characterization methods were used to compare "endpoint" results, with "midpoint" results associated with an aggregarive method : CONTRA, i.e. "transparent Construction of Decision tree" (Bockstaller, 2016) developed for viticulture. The "midpoint+CONTRA-QUALENVIC" method is a new multi-criteria decision analysis method (MCDA), using expert systems, associated to fuzzy logic. In the presented results, both methods have provided a similar ranking for 80 % of the individuals. The presented results show that the "endpoint" mehtod does note clearly differentiate the first five individual. Both methods provide also intermediary criteria. The results obtained by the two methods are consistent, going in the same direction and provide good representation of the indicators results. However, "midpoint" + CONTRA-QUALENVIC" method has the advantage of giving the possibility to go back to details of the "midpoint" impact origin provided by the LCIA

Eco-design pathways in spirit distillation – case of semi-continuous distillation

International audienc

Amélioration des performances environnementales des pratiques viticoles et analyse des risques pour la qualité du raisin : étape vers l’écoqualiconception©

L’évolution des itinéraires techniques viticoles (ITKv) vers un plus grand respect de l’environnement passe par une évaluation de leurs performances environnementales. Dans un contexte de gestion durable, plusieurs autres facteurs sont à prendre en compte, notamment le risque de modification de la qualité des raisins issus de ces ITKv. Les résultats d’évaluation environnementale par la méthode d’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) ainsi que l’évaluation de la qualité du raisin s’appuient sur beaucoup données. Ce travail montre l’intérêt d’une méthode d’évaluation multicritère conjointe « environnement et qualité », dans le processus de changement de pratiques pour une amélioration des performances. Les résultats obtenus sur 5 ITKv montrent des différences de notes entre les 2 millésimes étudiés et des pratiques ont été identifiées pour leurs forts impacts sur les résultats ACV. Des propositions théoriques de changement de pratiques sont testées sur l’un des ITKv. Ces propositions améliorent les notes environnementales finales de +0,15 points à +0,77 points (/10) quand elles sont mises en œuvre séparément et +2,29 points (/10) en étant combinées. Un modèle explicatif de la qualité du raisin permet de vérifier que les nouvelles pratiques ne peuvent potentiellement pas altérer la qualité du raisin. La méthode d’évaluation conjointe CONTRA-QUALENVIC adaptée à la viticulture montre ici qu’elle peut être une aide à l’amélioration des ITKv

Addressing organic viticulture environmental burdens by better understanding interannual impact variations

Consumer demand and state incentives in certain EU countries are driving the rapid development of organic viticulture. However, compared with conventional viticulture, it has shown higher interannual variability in its environmental impacts. Improved understanding of this variability would help organic winegrowers better address their environmental impacts.This two-part study examined interannual variability of environmental impacts of four vineyards with contrasting pedoclimatic and technical production conditions. First, life cycle assessments were performed on each of these four vineyards for two contrasted years in terms of both climate and pest and disease pressure. Next, for one of these vineyards located in Mediterranean conditions, life cycle assessments were completed on a chronosequence of six consecutive years. Life cycle assessments of organic wine grapes were calculated based on detailed inventories of data from the eight real vineyard situations. Interannual variations were considered to be the deviation between the impact results of two production years. In all the vineyards, diesel combustion was the main impact contributor. For the four vineyards, the impacts that varied most were generally freshwater ecotoxicity, soil ecotoxicity, marine eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication and metal depletion. The intensity/range of interannual variations differed between plots. The main agricultural operations contributing to impact variations were from disease management of climate-related disease pressures. The 6-year chronosequence analysis showed that certain years were very similar in terms of impact results. The impact that varied most was surprisingly terrestrial acidification. The chronosequence analysis brought to light that the choice of active ingredient could be a greater source of impact variations than interannual climatic conditions and disease pressure. This study provides an overview of the hotspots and variability of organic viticulture environmental impacts in contrasted climate years and a climatic chronosequence. The main pathways for environmental performance improvements are (i) reducing fuel consumption by either limiting the number of operations, using more fuel-efficient machines or different energy sources or/and adjusting tractor speed; (ii) reducing the doses and emissions of copper products and choosing the less impacting types of copper; and (iii) limiting nitrogen and heavy metal emissions through the choice of fertiliser type and management