Aplicação da metodologia de Engenharia Kansei para melhorar a incorporação de requisitos de experiência em desenvolvimento de novos produtos; Aplicación de la metodología de Ingeniería Kansei para mejorar la incorporación de las necesidades de experiencia

: Projetar produtos e serviços para a experiência do cliente é cada vez mais importante para o sucesso do desenvolvimento de novos produtos (NPD), mas surgem dois desafios: Em primeiro lugar, a experiência do cliente é determinada não apenas pelo produto, mas também pela interacção com o serviço(s) dentro do qual ele pode ser incorporado. Em segundo lugar, a experiência do cliente é formada durante todos os momentos de interacção com um produto ou serviço.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A comparison between faecal sterols and coliform counts in the investigation of sewage contamination in sediments

Em setembro de 2002, foram coletadas nove amostras de sedimento superficial (0-2 cm) na Enseada de Botafogo (sudoeste da Baía de Guanabara/RJ), a fim de comparar o uso de marcadores químicos (coprostanol) e biológicos (E. coli e coliformes totais) na identificação da contaminação fecal da região. Os resultados obtidos (carbono orgânico - 6,0 to 64,8 mg g-1; coprostanol - 1,4 to 105 µg g-1; E. coli - < 30 to 2400 NMP/10g e coliformes totais - 40 to 9300 NMP/10g) foram iguais ou maiores aos observados em outras áreas contaminadas da Baía de Guanabara. Nas estações próximas à linha de costa, as concentrações de coprostanol e as contagens das bactérias confirmaram que o esgoto doméstico se acumulou no sedimento da enseada. As concentrações de coprostanol se mantiveram altas nas estações distantes das fontes de contaminação, porém o material fecal representou uma menor fração do carbono orgânico. Nessas mesmas estações, redução na contagem de colimetria foi proporcionalmente mais alta, provavelmente pela baixa sobrevivência das bactérias devido ao efeito de luz, salinidade e temperatura. durante o transporte e deposição das partículas de esgoto. Portanto, baseando-se nos resultados obtidos, o coprostanol foi um indicador mais adequado da contaminação fecal nos sedimentos da Enseada de Botafogo.In September 2002, nine sediment samples (0-2 cm) were collected from Botafogo Cove (southwestern part of Guanabara Bay) in order to compare the use of chemical (coprostanol) and biological markers (E. coli and total coliforms) in identifying faecal contamination. The values found (organic carbon - 6.0 to 64.8 mg g-1; coprostanol - 1.4 to 105 µg g-1; E. coli - < 30 to 2400 NMP/10g and total coliforms - 40 to 9300 NMP/10g) were similar to or even higher than those observed in other contaminated areas of Guanabara Bay. In stations close to the shoreline, both coprostanol concentration and bacteria count confirmed that domestic sewage had accumulated in the cove. Coprostanol concentrations were still relatively high in the stations furthest from contamination sources, although faecal material represented a smaller fraction of the total organic carbon originated by dilution in waters containing algae. Reduction was proportionately higher by virtue of the use of the colimetric assessment method. This result may be associated with the effect that environmental variables (light, salinity, temperature) may have on the survival of bacteria during transport and deposition of sewage particles. Consequently, based on these results, coprostanol may be considered the better indicator of the faecal contamination level in Botafogo Cove sediments

Sedimentary sterols as indicators of environmental conditions in Southeastern Guanabara Bay, Brazil

As enseadas de Icaraí e Jurujuba, localizadas na porção sudoeste da Baía de Guanabara, são sujeitas a impactos ambientais decorrentes da ocupação humana nas suas bacias de drenagem. No presente trabalho foi determinada a composição elementar (C e N) e molecular (esteróides) da matéria orgânica em amostras de sedimentos superficiais (n = 24) e de um testemunho curto (c = 47 cm) nas enseadas. As concentrações de coprostanol, em comparação com outras áreas da Baía de Guanabara, indicaram elevado nível de contaminação por esgotos nas estações mais próximas ao ponto de lançamento de efluentes, na Enseada de Icaraí. A Enseada de Jurujuba, mais enclausurada e eutrófica, apresentou uma maior contribuição de matéria orgânica autóctone, conforme evidenciado pelos marcadores colesterol, dinosterol, e parcialmente, também , brassicasterol. A presença de estigmasterol e b-sitosterol indicaram leve contribuição de matéria orgânica oriunda de vegetação terrestre, conforme revelou a análise por componentes principais. No registro sedimentar, foram observados maiores teores de matéria orgânica e esteróis na camada superior, corroborando a acumulação recente de esgotos e de matéria orgânica fitoplanctônica, como conseqüência do processo de eutrofização do sistema. A presença de processos de degradação da matéria orgânica foi evidenciada pelas razões entre esteróis/estanóis, e o perfil do dinosterol indicou que na Enseada predomina o acúmulo de material fitoplanctônico anteriormente ao processo de eutrofização.The interconnected Icaraí and Jurujuba embayments, set within the lower south-eastern portion of Guanabara Bay, SE-Brazil, have been subject to the direct input of domestic effluents and other associated contaminants from human activities in their watersheds. This study addresses the composition of carbon, nitrogen and molecular steroid markers of surface sediments (n = 24) and a short core (L = 47 cm), in order to evaluate the impact by sewage, the contribution between allochthonous and autochthonous derived organic matter and eutrophication of the embayments. Coprostanol concentrations revealed, when compared to other regions in Guanabara Bay, high contamination by sewage close to the point of sewage discharge in Icaraí embayment. In contrast, the more enclosed and eutrophic Jurujuba embayment exhibited a larger contribution of autochthonous organic matter, as shown by the combination of cholesterol, dinosterol and, partially, also brassicasterol. The presence of stigmasterol and b-sitosterol also indicated a minor contribution of organic matter from terrestrial plants, as revealed by principal component analysis. The sedimentary record of the Jurujuba embayment exhibited highest concentrations of all sterol markers in the top layer, corroborating the recent increase in the accumulation of sewage, plankton derived organic carbon and also eutrophication. Trend in degradation of organic matter was evidenced by sterol/stanol ratios and the behavior of dinosterol indicated that the embayment has been dominated by the accumulation of phytoplankton derived organic matter since earlier times

From injured body to changes in self-identity: A research on adults with acquired physical impairments

Dissertação apresentado ao ISPA-Instituto Universitário para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Psicologia Aplicada: Especialidade Psicologia da ClinicaBackground: The experience of becoming physically impaired, especially in lower limb adult amputees and in working-aged patients with vision loss, has deserved little attention by research in general. The weight of some variables associated with these experiences on depressive levels has been stressed by some studies. However, little is known about it. Aims: The current dissertation aimed at filing in the knowledge gap regarding these topics. We intended to explore the experience of acquired physical impairment, focusing on changes in self-identity, in two groups: working-aged adults with vision loss; and adults who suffered a lower limb amputation. In addition, we aimed at exploring a possible connection between the most relevant emerged variables of these experiences and the depressive levels: the self-awareness of impairment; and the selfidentifications with the impairment. Method: Two independent studies were performed, both was cross-sectional and using mixed-methods: study 1 was on the experiences of vision loss of 38 patients at rehabilitation setting (mean age of 42.7; SD=14.5); and study 2 was on the experiences of lower limb amputation in 42 patients (mean age of 61; SD=13.5) followed-up at a general hospital‟s rehabilitation medicine unit. Qualitative data on the experiences of impairment was collected by two semi-structured interviews for each patient. The interviews were performed by an independent and trained psychologist, under the supervision of a senior psychologist and psychotherapist. 80 interviews were conducted in study 1 and 84 interviews in study 2. Depressive levels were assessed using CES-D. The content analysis was performed using the Categorical and Coding analysis proposed by Bardin. Results: Qualitative data from the study 1, on the experiences of vision loss, retrieved seven themes, most of them focused on changes in self-identity. These results supported a new model for the adjustment process to vision loss, based on patients‟ self-awareness of impairment and self-identifications with the impairment. 39.5% (n=15) of patients met CES-D criteria for depression. Higher depressive levels (P<.05) were found in patients who: lost vision for longer; begun their rehabilitation later; were more aware of their impairment; and those who reported an inadequate social support (P<.01). A positive correlation was found between CES-D scores and vision loss evolution (.333; P=.036), and between CES-D scores and rehabilitation time (.335; P=.035). In study 2, eight themes emerged from the interviews. Qualitative results supported a theoretical model for the changes in self-identity related to lower limb loss beyond the body image. 31% (n=13) met CES-D criteria for Depression. Higher depressive levels (p<.05) were found in those who showed: greater self-awareness of impairment; lower identification with the impairment; and worse appraisals towards the prosthesis, social support and well-being. Conclusions: In both studies the changes in self-identity, especially in terms of selfawareness of impairment and self-identifications with the impairment, arose as core milestones of the adjustment process to the impairment. The relationship found between the variables related to the experience of impairment and depressive levels suggests two conclusions: the changes in self-identity caused by the impairment might be one of the important causes for the rising of depressive levels; the increase in depressive levels in these populations might be, at first, the reflex of the adjustment process to the many personal losses and therefore, do not necessarily reveal a bad adaptation to the impairment nor a mental health problem. ---------- RESUMO ----------Enquadramento: A experiência de amputação de membro inferior em adultos, e a experiência de perda irreversível de visão em adultos não idosos, são dois temas que têm tido pouca atenção por parte da investigação científica. O peso desta experiência ao nível da identidade dos sujeitos e a relação dessas variáveis com os níveis de depressividade são temas considerados relevantes, embora ainda pouco estudados. Objectivos: A presente dissertação veio no propósito de produzir alguma evidência acerca dos tópicos referidos. Com estes estudos pretendemos explorar as experiências incapacidade física adquirida e as suas implicações para a identidade dos sujeitos em dois grupos de sujeitos: adultos que tenham sofrido amputação de membro inferior; e adultos não idosos com perda irreversível e severa de visão. Outro dos objectivos destes estudos foi a investigação preliminar de potenciais relações entre variáveis como a autoconsciência de incapacidade e as auto-identificações com a incapacidade e os níveis de depressividade. Método: Para atingir os objectivos do nosso estudo, delineamos duas investigações independentes. Estudo 1: 38 sujeitos com perda irreversível de visão (média de idades de 42.7 anos; desvio padrão de 14.5), todos eles em fase de reabilitação. Estudo 2: 42 sujeitos amputados (média de idades de 61; desvio padrão de 15.6), todos eles em seguimento na consulta de medicina física e de reabilitação num hospital geral. Em ambos os estudos as experiências de incapacidade foram recolhidas através de uma metodologia qualitativa, com recurso a entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas individualmente a cada sujeito. Cada entrevista foi realizada por um investigador independente, formado em Psicologia e com experiencia clínica com este tipo de populações. As entrevistas foram supervisionadas por um Psicólogo e Psicoterapeuta Sénior. Os níveis de depressividade foram avaliados usando o CES-D. A análise do conteúdo das entrevistas foi realizada com base no método de codificação categorial não indutivo de Bardin. Resultados: Os resultados qualitativos do estudo 1 (perda de visão) revelaram sete temas, a maior parte dos quais acerca das alterações ao nível da própria identidade. Esses resultados suportaram um modelo compreensivo para o processo de ajustamento à perda de visão, com base na auto-consciência de incapacidade e nas auto-identificações à incapacidade dos sujeitos estudados. As pontuações no CES-D de 39.5% (n=15) dos sujeitos cumpriram os critérios para depressão clínica. Maiores níveis de depressão (P<.05) foram encontrados nos sujeitos que: tinham perdido a visão há mais tempo; começaram a reabilitação mais tardiamente; estavam mais conscientes a sua incapacidade; e percepcionaram um pior suporte social (P<.01). Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre as pontuações dos sujeitos no CES-D e duas variáveis: o tempo decorrido entre o primeiro diagnóstico da doença responsável pela perda de visão e o momento em que o sujeito ficou clinicamente com baixa visão ou cego (.333; P=.036); o tempo de reabilitação (.355; P=.035). No estudo 2 emergiram oito temas sobre a experiência de amputação. Esses resultados suportaram também um modelo teórico compreensivo para as alterações na identidade dos sujeitos, decorrentes da situação de amputação. 31% (n=13) dos sujeitos apresentaram pontuações no CES-D que cumpriram os critérios para depressão clínica. Maiores níveis de depressão (P<.05) foram encontrados nos sujeitos que apresentaram: maior auto-consciência de incapacidade; menor identificação à incapacidade; pior relação com a prótese; pior percepção do suporte social; e pior percepção do bem-estar. xii Conclusões: Nos dois estudos a auto-consciência de incapacidade e as autoidentificações com a incapacidade surgiram como duas variáveis chave do processo de ajustamento à incapacidade, demonstrando o potencial efeito transformador destas situações de incapacidade para identidade dos sujeitos. A associação encontrada entre as variáveis relativas à experiência de incapacidade e os níveis de depressividade parece sugerir duas conclusões: as alterações na identidade decorrentes da situação de incapacidade física adquirida poderão ser uma das importantes causas do aumento dos níveis de depressividade; o aumento dos níveis de depressividade poderão ser, num primeiro momento, reflexo do processo de ajustamento às perdas sofridas e não traduzir, necessariamente, uma má adaptação à situação de incapacidade, nem um problema de saúde mental.Programa Operacional de Potencial Humano, QREN Portugal, 2007-201

On the accumulation of organic matter on the southeastern Brazilian continental shelf: A case study based on a sediment core from the shelf off Rio de Janeiro

Sterol and fatty acid biomarkers and isotopic composition (delta 13C and delta 15N) of bulk organic matter (OM) were quantified in a sediment core to characterize the accumulation of autochthonous OM in an area on the continental shelf adjacent to Rio de Janeiro State. In the sediment surface (0-1 cm) the concentration of total sterols and fatty acids was at least one order of magnitude higher than that measured deeper down in the core and was dominated by labile and planktonic-derived biomarker compounds. These results suggest, as is confirmed by multivariate statistical analysis, the occurrence of an event of enhanced primary production in the water column and efficient export of particles to the bottom. Similar conditions have been observed at Cabo Frio, located 150 km to the north of our study site, during an upwelling event, suggesting that such events may exert a regional influence on primary production on the south-eastern Brazilian continental shelf. Beyond the signatures from this event, the presence of biomarker compounds from vascular plants suggests the additional influence of an outflow from Guanabara Bay at the study site. These results point to the need for further investigation of the relative influence of physical forcings and continental inputs on the biogeochemical processes on the section of the continental shelf considered in the present study

From self-awareness to self-identification with visual impairment: a qualitative study with working age adults at a rehabilitation setting

Objective: To explore the experience of vision loss, focusing on working age patients’ self-awareness of impairment and self-identification with the impairment. Design: A cross-sectional and qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews. Setting: A specialized rehabilitation centre and a low vision unit at a public hospital. Participants: A convenience sample of 38 patients between the ages of 20 and 65, with sight loss caused by a serious ophthalmological condition acquired after the age of 18, and doing their rehabilitation. Main outcome measures: A semi-structured interview, addressing three core areas: the emotional impact of vision loss; adjustment; and social support. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed by two independent researchers. Results: Seven themes emerged from interviews. Changes in patients’ identity, achievement and future life projection arose as being the main transformations caused by vision loss. Self-awareness of impairment appeared associated with the patients’ first contact with their loss, while self-identification with the impairment arose connected with the later embodiment process of the vision loss. Conclusions: Patients’ self-awareness and self-perceptions of impairment appear to be two important milestones in the adjustment process to vision loss. Their assessment and monitoring over the rehabilitation period might help to promote impairment acceptance and rehabilitation outcomes

Hidrocarbonetos e esterois como indicadores de fontes e destino de matéria orgânica em sedimentos da Baía de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro

The inputs of organic matter derived from natural and anthropogenic sources to Sepetiba Bay were investigated by using aliphatic hydrocarbons and sterols in superficial sediments. Concentrations ranged from 0.26 to 2.65 &#956;g g-1, <0.01 to 17.41 &#956;g g-1 and 0.77 and 9.24 &#956;g g-1 for n-alkanes, UCM (unresolved complex mixture) and total sterols, respectively. The selected markers and ratios among individual compounds showed the major contribution of terrestrial sources to the total pool of sedimentary organic matter in the bay, but the accumulation of autochthonous organic matter increased with distance from the shoreline. The input of petroleum hydrocarbons and sewage (coprostanol in the range 0.01 to 0.43 &#956;g g-1) were also detected, especially in the more urbanized regions of the bay, but at lower levels of contamination when compared to estuaries in other Brazilian coastal regions

Lipídios como indicadores de fontes e distribuição de matéria orgânica particulada em um complexo estuarino-lagunar tropical (Mundaú-Manguaba, AL)

Fatty acids, alcohols and sterols were considered as markers of the source and distribution of particulate organic matter during the dry season in the Mundaú-Manguaba estuarine-lagoon system, NE Brazil. Lipid composition showed an overwhelming influence of autochthonous sources of organic matter in all system´s compartments, including the probable occurrence of algal blooms in specific areas. On the other hand, contamination by sewage was restricted to Mundaú lagoon. This scenario differed from known conditions observed in the wet season, illustrating the usefulness of the lipid biomarker approach for the characterization of other complex and dynamic systems in the Brazilian coastal zone

Beyond the body image: A qualitative study on how adults experience lower limb amputation

Objective: To explore adults’ experiences of lower limb amputation, focusing on the changes in self-identity related to the impairment. Design: A cross-sectional and qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed by two independent researchers. Setting: A rehabilitation medicine service from a general public hospital. Participants: A convenience sample of 42 patients with lower limb amputation performed after the age of 18 and followed up in the physical medicine and rehabilitation department of a general hospital. Main outcome measures: A semi-structured interview, addressing three core areas: the emotional impact of amputation; the adjustment process; and the relation with the external resources. Results: Eight themes emerged from interviews: reactions and feelings about becoming amputee; changes in own life; problems in well-being; relation with the prosthesis; self-perceptions; aims related to the rehabilitation and future plans; relation with the rehabilitation; and perceived social support. These results supported a theoretical model for the self-identity changes related to limb loss. Conclusions: The self-identity changes after a lower limb amputation appear beyond the patient’s body image and functioning, affecting the patient’s awareness of the impairment, biographical self and any future projections

Structural signatures of water-soluble organic aerosols in contrasting environments in South America and Western Europe

This study describes and compares the key structural units present in water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction of atmospheric aerosols collected in different South American (Colombia – Medellín and Bogotá, Peru – Lima, Argentina – Buenos Aires, and Brazil – Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Porto Velho, during moderate (MBB) and intense (IBB) biomass burning) and Western European (Portugal – Aveiro and Lisbon) locations. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was employed to assess the relative distribution of non-exchangeable proton functional groups in aerosol WSOC of diverse origin, for the first time to the authors’ knowledge in South America. The relative contribution of the proton functional groups was in the order H-C > H–C–C= > H-C-O > Ar-H, except in Porto Velho during MBB, Medellín, Bogotá, and Buenos Aires, for which the relative contribution of H-C-O was higher than that of H-C-C=. The 1H NMR source attribution confirmed differences in aging processes or regional sources between the two geographic regions, allowing the differentiation between urban combustion-related aerosol and biological particles. The aerosol WSOC in Aveiro, Lisbon, and Rio de Janeiro during summer are more oxidized than those from the remaining locations, indicating the predominance of secondary organic aerosols. Fresh emissions, namely of smoke particles, becomes important during winter in Aveiro and São Paulo, and in Porto Velho during IBB. The biosphere is an important source altering the chemical composition of aerosol WSOC in South America locations. The source attribution in Medellín, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, and Lima confirmed the mixed contributions of biological material, secondary formation, as well as urban and biomass burning emissions. Overall, the information and knowledge acquired in this study provide important diagnostic tools for future studies aiming at understanding the water-soluble organic aerosol problem, their sources and impact at a wider geographic scale.Fil: Duarte, Regina M.B.O.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Matos, João T.V.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Paula, Andreia S.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Lopes, Sónia P.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Pereira, Guilherme. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Vasconcellos, Pérola. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Gioda, Adriana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Carreira, Renato. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Silva, Artur M.S.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Duarte, Armando C.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Smichowski, Patricia Nora. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rojas, Nestor. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Sanchez Ccoyllo, Odon. No especifíca