Finding routes in anonymous sensor networks

We consider networks of anonymous sensors and address the problem of constructing routes for the delivery of information from a group of sensors in response to a query by a sink. In order to circumvent the restrictions imposed by anonymity, we rely on using the power level perceived by the sensors in the query from the sink. We introduce a simple distributed algorithm to achieve the building of routes to the sink and evaluate its performance by means of simulations

Effects of six experimental manipulations on the learning of a new escape response

Denomina-se desamparo aprendido o efeito deletério da  exposição prévia a situações aversivas incontroláveis sobre a aquisição de novas respostas. Este estudo investigou o efeito de seis manipulações experimentais sobre a aquisição de uma resposta de fuga. Quarenta e oito ratos foram distribuídos em seis grupos de oito. Cada sujeito foi submetido a três sessões experimentais. Na primeira sessão, conforme o grupo a que pertencia, ou o animal recebia choques elétricos que podia interromper, ou recebia choques que só podiam ser interrompidos por outro sujeito, ou não recebia tratamento aversivo. Na segunda sessão, metade dos animais recebia choques incontroláveis e a outra metade não recebia estimulação elétrica. Na terceira sessão, todos os sujeitos tinham a possibilidade de desligar os choques. Os sujeitos que puderam interromper a apresentação dos estímulos na primeira sessão, mesmo aqueles que receberam choques incontroláveis na sessão seguinte, aprenderam a resposta de fuga na última sessão, o que não se verificou entre os animais submetidos inicialmente à incontrolabilidade. Estes resultados replicam o que se obtém normalmente em pesquisas que tratam do desamparo aprendido. Porém, o fraco desempenho dos sujeitos que não receberam choques nas duas primeiras sessões coloca em questão a contingência utilizada para testar a aprendizagem. Palavras-chave: desamparo aprendido; respostas de fuga; ratos.The deleterious effect of previous exposure to uncontrollable aversive events on subsequent learning is called learned helplessness. This study investigated the effect of six experimental manipulations on the acquisition of an escape response. Forty eight rats were divided in six groups of eight. Three experimental sessions were conducted with each rat. In the first session three different conditions were administered, depending on the group: in the first condition, animals received shocks that they could interrupt; in the second condition, animals were yoked to those in the first condition and could not interrupt shocks, which were interrupted by responses of the yoked animal; in the third condition, animals did not receive shocks. In the second session, half of the animals in each condition received uncontrollable shocks and the other half did not receive shocks. The third session tested whether animals could learn a response to escape shocks. Rats that could interrupt shocks in the first session, even if they received uncontrollable shocks in the second, learned to escape shocks in the test. Those that initially received uncontrollable shocks did not learn to escape in the test. These results replicate earlier findings on learned helplessness. However, the poor performance in the test by the group that did not received shocks leads to questions about the contingency used to evaluate learning.Keywords: learned helplessness; escape responses; rats

Regulatory T Cells Phenotype in Different Clinical Forms of Chagas' Disease

CD25High CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have been described as key players in immune regulation, preventing infection-induced immune pathology and limiting collateral tissue damage caused by vigorous anti-parasite immune response. In this review, we summarize data obtained by the investigation of Treg cells in different clinical forms of Chagas' disease. Ex vivo immunophenotyping of whole blood, as well as after stimulation with Trypanosoma cruzi antigens, demonstrated that individuals in the indeterminate (IND) clinical form of the disease have a higher frequency of Treg cells, suggesting that an expansion of those cells could be beneficial, possibly by limiting strong cytotoxic activity and tissue damage. Additional analysis demonstrated an activated status of Treg cells based on low expression of CD62L and high expression of CD40L, CD69, and CD54 by cells from all chagasic patients after T. cruzi antigenic stimulation. Moreover, there was an increase in the frequency of the population of Foxp3+ CD25HighCD4+ cells that was also IL-10+ in the IND group, whereas in the cardiac (CARD) group, there was an increase in the percentage of Foxp3+ CD25High CD4+ cells that expressed CTLA-4. These data suggest that IL-10 produced by Treg cells is effective in controlling disease development in IND patients. However, in CARD patients, the same regulatory mechanism, mediated by IL-10 and CTLA-4 expression is unlikely to be sufficient to control the progression of the disease. These data suggest that Treg cells may play an important role in controlling the immune response in Chagas' disease and the balance between regulatory and effector T cells may be important for the progression and development of the disease. Additional detailed analysis of the mechanisms on how these cells are activated and exert their function will certainly give insights for the rational design of procedure to achieve the appropriate balance between protection and pathology during parasite infections

Coinfection with Different Trypanosoma cruzi Strains Interferes with the Host Immune Response to Infection

A century after the discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi in a child living in Lassance, Minas Gerais, Brazil in 1909, many uncertainties remain with respect to factors determining the pathogenesis of Chagas disease (CD). Herein, we simultaneously investigate the contribution of both host and parasite factors during acute phase of infection in BALB/c mice infected with the JG and/or CL Brener T. cruzi strains. JG single infected mice presented reduced parasitemia and heart parasitism, no mortality, levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, CCL2, IL-6 and IFN-γ) similar to those found among naïve animals and no clinical manifestations of disease. On the other hand, CL Brener single infected mice presented higher parasitemia and heart parasitism, as well as an increased systemic release of pro-inflammatory mediators and higher mortality probably due to a toxic shock-like systemic inflammatory response. Interestingly, coinfection with JG and CL Brener strains resulted in intermediate parasitemia, heart parasitism and mortality. This was accompanied by an increase in the systemic release of IL-10 with a parallel increase in the number of MAC-3+ and CD4+ T spleen cells expressing IL-10. Therefore, the endogenous production of IL-10 elicited by coinfection seems to be crucial to counterregulate the potentially lethal effects triggered by systemic release of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by CL Brener single infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that the composition of the infecting parasite population plays a role in the host response to T. cruzi in determining the severity of the disease in experimentally infected BALB/c mice. The combination of JG and CL Brener was able to trigger both protective inflammatory immunity and regulatory immune mechanisms that attenuate damage caused by inflammation and disease severity in BALB/c mice

A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states