Visualização Volumétrica Aplicada às Geociências

This paper is on volume visualization of spatial data. It aims at showing new possibilities to visualize three-dimensional phenomena such as geology, soils, geophysics, seismic and the like. The use of volumes in the evaluation processes allows one to visualize and to explore the phenomenon as a continuous body in space, thus incorporating the third dimension in cartography. The volumetric visualization is a branch of scientific visualization that has shown a fast growth and its goal is to comprehend the internal structure and the behavior of three-dimensional volumetric objects. Volumetric visualization depends on the interaction. We must, therefore, interact with the volume trough rotations, cuts and other forms of graphic manipulation, seeking the complete information. The methodology of this research entails the acquisition of three-dimensional data, three-dimensional interpolation, as well as volume formation and visualization by means of three-dimensional Geographic Information System and volumetric visualization software. Soil’s data were interpolated in order to be continuously represented in three-dimensional space. The outcome of volume representations of physical and chemical properties is a new way to visualize the soil and a new source of knowledge to the study of this phenomenon.This paper is on volume visualization of spatial data. It aims at showing new possibilities to visualize three-dimensional phenomena such as geology, soils, geophysics, seismic and the like. The use of volumes in the evaluation processes allows one to visualize and to explore the phenomenon as a continuous body in space, thus incorporating the third dimension in cartography. The volumetric visualization is a branch of scientific visualization that has shown a fast growth and its goal is to comprehend the internal structure and the behavior of three-dimensional volumetric objects. Volumetric visualization depends on the interaction. We must, therefore, interact with the volume trough rotations, cuts and other forms of graphic manipulation, seeking the complete information. The methodology of this research entails the acquisition of three-dimensional data, three-dimensional interpolation, as well as volume formation and visualization by means of three-dimensional Geographic Information System and volumetric visualization software. Soil’s data were interpolated in order to be continuously represented in three-dimensional space. The outcome of volume representations of physical and chemical properties is a new way to visualize the soil and a new source of knowledge to the study of this phenomenon

Sediments proceeding from forest roads in wavy to strong waved relief conditions.

. For one year were evaluated, the soil losses by runoff proceeding to parts of fire breaks and secondary roads with it’s respectively contribution areas, for estimative equations for soil losses in function of the accumulated precipitation. Tree treatments were established: roads with conservation measure, using water bars for control the runoff equidistant in 50 meters, associated with drain into the stands; roads without conservation and fire breaks. The soil losses as follow: 5,2 t.km-1 for roads without conservation measure, 4.1 t.km-1 in roads with conservation measure and 1,4 t.km-1 in fire breaks, totalizing 10,7 t.km-1 soil losses in the period. The conservation measures adopted had reduced the soil losses in 11,9% in the Forest Management Units Ruthes and Leonel - Itaiopolis / SC. The road density with 59,92 m.ha-1 just about the maximum limit recommended for forest certification. Associated to the longitudinal profile conditions, draining system and covering of the stream bed road, had pointed with respect to the necessity of better sizing of the conservation measures and more frequent maintenance. The control of precipitation was presented confidence statistical information for estimative the soil losses procceding from erosive process in the evaluated forest roads.Avaliaram-se, por um ano, as perdas de solos por enxurrada, em trechos de estradas secundárias e aceiros e a contribuição das áreas adjacentes, para estimar as perdas de solo em função da precipitação acumulada. Três tratamentos foram estabelecidos: num deles adotou-se medida de conservação, com implantação de barreiras de contenção de enxurrada a cada 50 m associadas a valas para deposição de sedimentos, adentrando nos talhões; os outros tratamentos compreendem trechos de estrada sem conservação e aceiros. Constataram-se os seguintes valores de perda de solo: 5,2 t.km-1 para o tratamento sem conservação, 4,1 t.km-1 em estradas com conservação e 1,4 t.km-1 em aceiros, totalizando 10,7 t.km-1 de perdas de solo acumulado no período. As medidas de conservação adotadas pela empresa reduziram as perdas de solo em 11,9% nas Unidades de Manejo Florestal Ruthes e Leonel, em Itaiópolis (SC). A densidade de estradas apresentou-se dentro do limite máximo recomendado para efeito de certificação florestal (59,92 m.ha-1). Associado às condições de perfil longitudinal, sistema de drenagem e revestimento do leito estradal, aponta-se a necessidade de melhor dimensionamento das medidas de conservação e manutenção mais frequente. O controle da precipitação apresentou-se estatisticamente confiável na estimativa de perda de solo por erosão nas estradas avaliadas. Palavra chave: Erosão hídrica; estrada florestal; perdas de solo; Pinus sp.   Abstract Sediments proceeding from forest roads in wavy to strong waved relief conditions. For one year were evaluated, the soil losses by runoff proceeding to parts of fire breaks and secondary roads with it’s respectively contribution areas, for estimative equations for soil losses in function of the accumulated precipitation. Tree treatments were established: roads with conservation measure, using water bars for control the runoff equidistant in 50 meters, associated with drain into the stands; roads without conservation and fire breaks. The soil losses as follow: 5,2 t.km-1 for roads without conservation measure, 4.1 t.km-1 in roads with conservation measure and 1,4 t.km-1 in fire breaks, totalizing 10,7 t.km-1 soil losses in the period. The conservation measures adopted had reduced the soil losses in 11,9% in the Forest Management Units Ruthes and Leonel - Itaiopolis / SC. The road density with 59,92 m.ha-1 just about the maximum limit recommended for forest certification. Associated to the longitudinal profile conditions, draining system and covering of the stream bed road, had pointed with respect to the necessity of better sizing of the conservation measures and more frequent maintenance. The control of precipitation was presented confidence statistical information for estimative the soil losses procceding from erosive process in the evaluated forest roads. Keywords: Hydric erosion; forest road; soil loss and Pinus sp.

Visualização Volumétrica Aplicada às Geociências

This paper is on volume visualization of spatial data. It aims at showing new possibilities to visualize three-dimensional phenomena such as geology, soils, geophysics, seismic and the like. The use of volumes in the evaluation processes allows one to visualize and to explore the phenomenon as a continuous body in space, thus incorporating the third dimension in cartography. The volumetric visualization is a branch of scientific visualization that has shown a fast growth and its goal is to comprehend the internal structure and the behavior of three-dimensional volumetric objects. Volumetric visualization depends on the interaction. We must, therefore, interact with the volume trough rotations, cuts and other forms of graphic manipulation, seeking the complete information. The methodology of this research entails the acquisition of three-dimensional data, three-dimensional interpolation, as well as volume formation and visualization by means of three-dimensional Geographic Information System and volumetric visualization software. Soil’s data were interpolated in order to be continuously represented in three-dimensional space. The outcome of volume representations of physical and chemical properties is a new way to visualize the soil and a new source of knowledge to the study of this phenomenon.This paper is on volume visualization of spatial data. It aims at showing new possibilities to visualize three-dimensional phenomena such as geology, soils, geophysics, seismic and the like. The use of volumes in the evaluation processes allows one to visualize and to explore the phenomenon as a continuous body in space, thus incorporating the third dimension in cartography. The volumetric visualization is a branch of scientific visualization that has shown a fast growth and its goal is to comprehend the internal structure and the behavior of three-dimensional volumetric objects. Volumetric visualization depends on the interaction. We must, therefore, interact with the volume trough rotations, cuts and other forms of graphic manipulation, seeking the complete information. The methodology of this research entails the acquisition of three-dimensional data, three-dimensional interpolation, as well as volume formation and visualization by means of three-dimensional Geographic Information System and volumetric visualization software. Soil’s data were interpolated in order to be continuously represented in three-dimensional space. The outcome of volume representations of physical and chemical properties is a new way to visualize the soil and a new source of knowledge to the study of this phenomenon

Influência dos atributos do solo sobre a produtividade de Pinus taeda

O presente trabalho analisou os efeitos dos atributos do solo sobre a produtividade de Pinus taeda, em áreas da Klabin, em Telêmaco Borba, PR. Foram analisados oito sítios com árvores de 12 anos de idade, os quais foram selecionados pelo tipo de solo, textura e vegetação primária. Para a caracterização dos sítios foram realizadas coletas de amostras em três profundidades, sendo coletadas amostras indeformadas e amostras compostas, analisando-se as seguintes variáveis no solo: densidade global, porosidade total, macroporosidade, disponibilidade de água, fertilidade e granulometria. Selecionaram-se cinco árvores médias por sítio, nas quais foram medidas altura total, altura comercial e DAP. Os resultados foram: solos de textura argilosa, independentemente da classe a que pertencem, os quais propiciaram maiores produtividades do Pinus taeda. Percebeu-se, de maneira geral, que essa produtividade é afetada pelas alterações geradas nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo, o que contraria vários estudos, que confirmaram que os atributos químicos do solo só apresentavam efeitos sobre a produtividade quando considerados em conjunto

Caracterização nutricional do nim em plantios no Brasil Nutritional characterization of neem plantations in Brazil

No Brasil são incipientes os estudos sobre os aspectos nutricionais do cultivo do nim. Propôs-se, neste trabalho, determinar os teores foliares de macronutrientes em plantios de nim estabelecidos em oito Estados do Brasil e correlacioná-los com os nutrientes disponíveis na camada de 0-20 cm de profundidade dos solos sob os plantios amostrados. De cada plantio foram coletadas folhas de nove árvores das partes média/superior e média/inferior da copa, as quais foram misturadas, formando duas amostras compostas denominadas folhas da copa média/superior (FCMS) e folhas da copa média/inferior (FCMI). Para análise de variância dos teores foliares de nutrientes utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com decomposição total dos graus de liberdade visando ao efeito local de plantio, idade de plantio e posição na copa, sendo a comparação de médias realizada pelo Teste de Duncan (p < 0,05). A amostragem foliar nas árvores de nim depende, quando feita na posição mediana subdividida em FCMS e FCMI, entre outros fatores, da mobilidade do nutriente e da condição de luminosidade do plantio. Os teores foliares de Ca apresentam indícios de ser o nim uma espécie calcícola. O nim é eficiente na absorção de N, P e Ca. O K do solo apresenta correlação positiva com o K das FCMI.<br>In Brazil, there are very few studies about nutritional status of neem. This study aimed to determine the contents of macronutrients in leaf in neem plantations established in different locations in eight states of Brazil, and perform correlations with the available nutrients in the respective soils under the sampled plantation. From each plantation the leaves were collected from nine trees, from the middle superior and middle inferior part of the crown. Each part of the crown of the nine trees were mixed, forming two composite samples and were nominated as leaves from the middle superior crown (FCMS), and middle inferior crown (FCMI). At the time of leaf sampling, the soil was collected in 0-20 cm depth. For variance analysis of the nutrient contents of leaf, a completely randomized design was used, applying total decomposition of the degrees of freedom for stand localization, stand age and crown position effect, being the mean comparisons performed by the Duncan test (p < 0,05). Additional correlation and cluster analysis were applied integrating soil data. The leaf sampling of neem trees, when realized in the middle of the crown subdivided in FCMS and FCMI depends, among other factors, on the nutrient mobility and on the light conditions of the stand. The leaf contents of Ca show indications that the neem plant could be a calcicole plant, and efficient in N and P absorption. The soil K content is positively correlated with the K content of the FCMI position

Alterações na Nutrição e na Produtividade do Pinus taeda L. Provocadas pela Aplicação de Resíduo Celulósico Nutrition and Productivity Alterations in the Pinus taeda L. Caused by Cellulose Residue Application

&lt;div&gt;O Brasil produziu, em 2004, cerca de 8 milhões de toneladas de papel e 9,4 milhões de toneladas de celulose. Com a crescente produção desses produtos, as indústrias do setor têm gerado grandes quantidades de resíduos que necessitam de alternativas de destino viáveis. Dentre elas, tem-se a proposta de aplicação do resíduo celulósico em plantios florestais. Para tanto, foi instalado em 1996, no município de Arapoti, estado do Paraná, Brasil, um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos receberam doses crescentes de resíduo celulósico, a saber: 0 (testemunha), 20, 40, 80 e 100 t.ha-1. O solo foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, de textura média, e está sob o cultivo de Pinus taeda L. no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m. Efetuou-se, na área, avaliações do crescimento das árvores, estado nutricional, produção de biomassa nos diferentes compartimentos das árvores, acúmulo e exportação de nutrientes e volume de lenho produzido. Como resultado, as árvores do tratamento que recebeu 80 t.ha-1 de resíduo apresentaram, até a idade de 7 anos, maior altura total e DAP, maior concentração de K, Ca e Mg nas acículas, aumento na produção de biomassa nos diferentes compartimentos, maior acúmulo de nutrientes e ganhos de até 147% na produção de volume de lenho. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a aplicação do resíduo celulósico apresentou efeitos positivos sobre o crescimento e a nutrição do &lt;em&gt;Pinus&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;taeda &lt;/em&gt;L., proporcionando aumentos na produção de biomassa e volume de lenho.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Brazil produced in 2004, around 8 million tons of paper and 9,4 million tons of cellulose. Through the increasing production of paper and cellulose, the industries of this segment have generated a great amount of residues that requires viable future alternatives of disposal. Among these alternatives there is an application proposal of the cellulose residues in the forest growing. Thus, an experiment composed by 5 treatments and 4 repetitions was done entirely randomized. It was installed in 1996, in Arapoti Municipal District, State of Paraná, Brazil. These treatments received increasing doses of cellulose residues, such as: 0 (testimony), 20, 40, 80 and 100 t.ha-1. This soil was classified as red-yellow Oxysol of medium texture and it is under the cultivation of &lt;em&gt;Pinus taeda&lt;/em&gt; L. with space of 3 x 2 m. Evaluations for growing trees were done in the area, its nutritional status, biomass production in the different part of the trees, its accumulation, nutrient exportation and quantity of wood production. As a result, the treatment of the trees which received 80 t.ha-1 of residue, presented, till the age of 7 years, larger total elevation and BHP, better concentration of K, Ca, and Mg in aciculas, rising production of biomass in different parts, better accumulation of nutrients and a 147% gain in the production of wood stock. From these results it is possible to conclude that the application of the cellulose residues presented encouraging effects on the growth and nutrition of &lt;em&gt;Pinus taeda&lt;/em&gt; L. increasing the production of biomass and wood volume.&lt;/div&gt