Curso diário fotossintético de plantas de copo-de-leite

The calla lily ornamental plant (Zantedeschia aethiopica) is grown and marketed in many countries. Studies on daily variation in photosynthesis are critical for understanding how a plant behaves in its growing environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the daily photosynthetic course of calla lily plants grown in pots in a greenhouse under 50% shade. Gas exchange (gs, A, E, Ci, WUE, iWUE, and iCE) and chlorophyll indices (a, b, and total) were evaluated from 7:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. over three days. The values of all variables were greater at high temperatures (11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.), except for gs, Ci, and chlorophyll b, which were higher at low temperatures (7:00 to 9:00 a.m.) Therefore, it is suggested that calla lily producers maintain the water status between 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. to optimize photosynthetic processes, and consequently, the growth and development of this plant. Correspondingly, irrigation of this crop should be performed prior to the interval mentioned above.A planta ornamental copo-de-leite (Zantedeschia aethiopica) é cultivada e comercializada em muitos países. Estudos sobre a variação diária da fotossíntese são fundamentais para entender como uma planta se comporta em seu ambiente de crescimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o curso diário fotossintético de plantas de copo-de-leite cultivadas em vasos em casa de vegetação sob 50% de sombreamento. As trocas gasosas (gs, A, E, Ci, WUE, iWUE e iCE) e os índices de clorofila (a, b e total) foram avaliados das 7h às 17h por três dias. Os valores de todas as variáveis ​​foram maiores em temperaturas mais elevadas (11h às 13h), exceto para gs, Ci e clorofila b, que foram maiores em temperaturas mais baixas (7h às 9h). Com isso, sugere-se que os produtores de copo-de-leite mantenham o estado hídrico das plantas entre as 11h00 e as 13h00 para otimizar os processos fotossintéticos e, consequentemente, o crescimento e desenvolvimento desta planta. Da mesma forma, a irrigação desta cultura deve ser realizada antes do intervalo mencionado acim

Production and quality of ornamental peppers cultivated under colored shade nets

The cultivation of ornamental peppers in places with high temperature and incidence of solar radiation limits the production and quality of plants and fruits. The colored shade nets were introduced and adopted, because they reduce the temperature and intensity of solar radiation, as well as, low cost and simple to handle. The aimed was to evaluate the production and quality of C. chinense and C. frutescens cultivated under colored shade nets. The experiment was developed in the Floriculture Sector of the Agronomy Department of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil from February to August 2021 in entirely randomized design.  C. chinense and C. frutescens were cultivated under red, pearl and aluminet nets with 35% shading and without net. At 150 days, production variables were quantified. The red net reduced the maximum temperature by at 4.1ºC and the pearl and aluminet nets reduced the minimum temperature by 3ºC. The maximum and minimum relative humidity was increased by 2.6 and 8.5%, respectively, by the red net. The pearl net obtained the lowest percentage of solar radiation incidence. Plant height was greater in the red and pearl nets, and C. frutescens. The diameter and stem fresh matter did not differ statistically between treatments. Root length was greater in the red and aluminet nets. The longitudinal and transverse canopy ratio was higher in C. chinense cultivated under the aluminet net. The number of leaves and leaves fresh matter was higher in pearl and aluminet net, and in C. frutescens, but leaves dry matter was higher in C. chinense. The number of flower buds and flowers, and flower buds dry matter was higher in C. chinense. The root fresh matter and dry matter was greater in C. chinese. The use of colored shade nets during the cultivation period effectively reduced temperature and light intensity. The aluminet net in association with C. chinense are recommended considering the compactness of height, pot coverage, greater number, shape and arrangement of fruits.The cultivation of ornamental peppers in places with high temperature and incidence of solar radiation limits the production and quality of plants and fruits. The colored shade nets were introduced and adopted, because they reduce the temperature and intensity of solar radiation, as well as, low cost and simple to handle. The aimed was to evaluate the production and quality of C. chinense and C. frutescens cultivated under colored shade nets. The experiment was developed in the Floriculture Sector of the Agronomy Department of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil from February to August 2021 in entirely randomized design.  C. chinense and C. frutescens were cultivated under red, pearl and aluminet nets with 35% shading and without net. At 150 days, production variables were quantified. The red net reduced the maximum temperature by at 4.1ºC and the pearl and aluminet nets reduced the minimum temperature by 3ºC. The maximum and minimum relative humidity was increased by 2.6 and 8.5%, respectively, by the red net. The pearl net obtained the lowest percentage of solar radiation incidence. Plant height was greater in the red and pearl nets, and C. frutescens. The diameter and stem fresh matter did not differ statistically between treatments. Root length was greater in the red and aluminet nets. The longitudinal and transverse canopy ratio was higher in C. chinense cultivated under the aluminet net. The number of leaves and leaves fresh matter was higher in pearl and aluminet net, and in C. frutescens, but leaves dry matter was higher in C. chinense. The number of flower buds and flowers, and flower buds dry matter was higher in C. chinense. The root fresh matter and dry matter was greater in C. chinese. The use of colored shade nets during the cultivation period effectively reduced temperature and light intensity. The aluminet net in association with C. chinense are recommended considering the compactness of height, pot coverage, greater number, shape and arrangement of fruits

Initial growth of Calendula officinalis L. plants treated with paclobutrazol

Calendula officinalis L. is largely used in composition in beds and like cutted flowers. On the other hand, the height (30 – 60 cm), difficult the cultivate and sales like potted plant, owing to the tipping of pots and for the disposition of plants on the tables.  Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a vegetal regulator that reduces the growth of plants.   The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of C. officinalis L. treated with PBZ. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the Floriculture Sector, of Agronomy Department, of Universidade Federal de Viçosa in October a November of 2020. The experiment was conducted in complety randomized desing and treatments were control, 2500, 5000, 7500 e 10000 ppm of PBZ doses with five repetitions. Two applications of PBZ doses were realized, being the first 15 days and the second 30 days after transplantation.  Plant height, leaf area, stem length and diameter, root length, leaves number and photosynthetic pigments were quantified.   PBZ, regardless of concentration, reduced plant heigth, leaf area, stem length, and diameter. Root length, leaves number and photossyntetic pigments did not significant among doses aplied. The initial growth of C. officinalis L. was reduced with PBZ doses.Calendula officinalis L. is largely used in composition in beds and like cutted flowers. On the other hand, the height (30 – 60 cm), difficult the cultivate and sales like potted plant, owing to the tipping of pots and for the disposition of plants on the tables.  Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a vegetal regulator that reduces the growth of plants.   The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of C. officinalis L. treated with PBZ. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the Floriculture Sector, of Agronomy Department, of Universidade Federal de Viçosa in October a November of 2020. The experiment was conducted in complety randomized desing and treatments were control, 2500, 5000, 7500 e 10000 ppm of PBZ doses with five repetitions. Two applications of PBZ doses were realized, being the first 15 days and the second 30 days after transplantation.  Plant height, leaf area, stem length and diameter, root length, leaves number and photosynthetic pigments were quantified.   PBZ, regardless of concentration, reduced plant heigth, leaf area, stem length, and diameter. Root length, leaves number and photossyntetic pigments did not significant among doses aplied. The initial growth of C. officinalis L. was reduced with PBZ doses

Produção e qualidade de pimenteiras ornamentais cultivadas sob telas fotosseletivas

Temperature and intensity of solar radiation compromise the production, quality and photosynthetic efficiency, through leaf and fruit burns, photoinhibition, stomata closure, flowers and fruits abortion, among others. Colored shade nets were tested in order to identify their benefits production, quality and photosynthetic efficiency of Capsicum chinense and C. frutescens. This thesis has been divided into two papers that deal with the production and quality (paper 1), photosynthetic efficiency (paper 2) of C. chinense and C. frutescens cultivated under colored shade nets. The experiment was developed from February to August 2021 in entirely randomized design. C. chinense and C. frutescens were cultivated under red, pearl and aluminet shade nets with 35% shading and without net. At 150 days, production, quality and photosynthetic efficiency variables were quantified. The red net reduced the maximum temperature by at 4.1ºC and the pearl and aluminet nets reduced the minimum temperature by 3ºC. The maximum and minimum relative humidity was increased by 2.6 and 8.5%, respectively, by the red net. The pearl net obtained the lowest percentage of solar radiation incidence. Plant height was greater in the red and pearl nets, and C. frutescens. The diameter and stem fresh matter did not differ statistically between treatments. Root length was greater in the red and aluminet nets. The longitudinal and transverse canopy ratio was higher in C. chinense cultivated under the aluminet net. The number of leaves and leaf fresh matter was higher in pearl and aluminet net, and in C. frutescens, but leaf dry matter was higher in C. chinense. The number of flower buds and flowers, and flower buds dry matter was higher in C. chinense. The root fresh matter and dry matter was greater in C. chinese. Leaf area, leaf area duration, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and harvest index were higher in C. frutescens in comparison to C. chinense and leaf thickness opposite occurred. A and gs were higher in C. frutescens cultivated under red net and C. chinense cultivated under aluminet net. E was higher in C. chinense cultivated under aluminet net and did not differ between the treatments applied to C. frutescens. WUE was higher in the red net and iWUE was higher in C. frutescens. Fo and Fm were higher in C. frutescens cultivated under red net. Fv/Fm was lower in C. chinense cultivated under red net and SPAD was higher in red net. LEF was lower in control. qL fraction was higher in control and pearl net and in C. frutescens. RdF was lower in C. chinense cultivated under red net. ΦNPQ and NPQt were higher in C. chinense cultivated under red net. The aluminet net in association with C. chinense are recommended considering the compactness of height, pot coverage, greater number, shape and arrangement of fruits. On the other hand, this one did not achieve efficient photosynthetic efficiency. C. frutescens cultivated under red net obtained a higher photosynthetic efficiency. On the other hand, C. chinense cultivated under red net had an inverse response, due to each specie having different responses under the same growing environment. Keywords: Shading. Productivity. Photosynthetic efficiency.A temperatura e intensidade da radiação solar comprometem a produção, qualidade e eficiência fotossintética, através de queimaduras de folhas e frutos, fotoinibição, fechamento estomático, abortamento de flores e frutos, entre outros problemas. Telas fotosseletivas foram testadas a fim de identificar os benefícios na produção, qualidade e eficiência fotossintética de Capsicum chinense e C. frutescens. Esta tese foi dividida em dois artigos que abordam a produção e qualidade (artigo 1) e a eficiência fotossintética (artigo 2) de C. chinense e C. frutescens cultivadas sob telas fotosseletivas. O experimento foi desenvolvido de fevereiro a agosto de 2021 em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. C. chinense e C. frutescens foram cultivadas sob telas fotosseletivas nas cores vermelha, pérola e aluminet com 35% de sombreamento e sem telas. Aos 150 dias, foram quantificadas variáveis de produção, qualidade e eficiência fotossintética. A tela vermelha reduziu a temperatura máxima em 4,1ºC e as redes de pérola e aluminet reduziram a temperatura mínima em 3ºC. A umidade relativa máxima e mínima foi aumentada em 2,6 e 8,5%, respectivamente, pela tela vermelha. A tela pérolas obteve a menor percentagem de incidência de radiação solar. A altura das plantas foi maior nas telas vermelha e pérola, e C. frutescens. O diâmetro e a matéria fresca do caule não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos. O comprimento da raiz foi maior nas telas vermelha e aluminet. A razão longitudinal e transversal da copa foi maior em C. chinense cultivada sob a tela de aluminet. O número de folhas e de matéria fresca foliar foi maior em C. chinense e em C. frutescens, mas a matéria seca foliar foi maior em C. chinense. O número de botões de flores e de flores, e a matéria seca das flores foi maior elevada em C. chinense. A matéria fresca de raiz e a matéria seca foi maior em C. chinense. A área foliar, duração da área foliar, relação de área foliar, área foliar específica e índice de colheita foram mais elevados em C. frutescens em comparação com C. chinense e a quanto a espessura foliar ocorreu o inverso. A e gs foram elevados em C. frutescens cultivada sob tela vermelha e C. chinense cultivada sob tela aluminet. E foi maior em C. chinense cultivada sob tela de aluminet e não diferiu entre os tratamentos aplicados a C. frutescens. WUE foi maior na tela vermelha e iWUE em C. frutescens. Fo e Fm foram maiores em C. frutescens cultivada sob tela vermelha. Fv/Fm foi menor em C. chinense cultivada sobtela vermelha e SPAD foi maior na tela vermelha. LEF foi menor no controle. qL foi maior no controle e tela pérola e em C. frutescens. RdF foi menor em C. chinense cultivada sob tela vermelha. ΦNPQ e NPQt foram maiores C. chinense cultivada sob tela vermelha. A tela aluminet em associação com C. chinense são recomendadas tendo em conta a compactação da altura, cobertura de vaso, maior número, forma e disposição dos frutos. Por outro lado, esta não o obteve eficiência fotossintética eficiente. C. frutescens cultivadas sob tela vermelha obteve eficiência fotossintética eficiente. Por outro lado, a C. chinense cultivada sob tela vermelha teve uma resposta inversa, devido a cada espécie apresentar respostas diferentes sob o mesmo ambiente de cultivo. Palavras-chave: Sombreamento. Produtividade. Eficiência fotossintética.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPE

Storage of potato cultivars for frying

A batata é o tubérculo mais importante do mundo. O armazenamento de tubérculos de batata em temperaturas menores que 8 oC acumula açúcares redutores que reagem com o aminoácido asparagina durante a fritura, escurecendo os produtos fritos. O objetivo foi determinar a temperatura e o período de armazenamento ideais de cultivares de batata destinadas à fritura. Tubérculos das cultivares comerciais Asterix, Basin Russet, Cronos, Jurata e Lion Heart foram colhidas 120-130 dias após o plantio e armazenados a 6 e 8 °C a 85 e 90% UR, respectivamente. A perda de acumulada de massa (PMA), teor de carboidratos - sólidos insolúveis em álcool (SIA), açúcares solúveis totais (AST), açúcares não redutores (ANR), açúcares não redutores (ANR), atividade da polifenoloxidase (PPO), coloração após a fritura e incidência da brotação foram avaliados aos 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias. Os tubérculos das cultivares Asterix e Lion Heart armazenados a 8 oC e Basin Russet, Cronos e Jurata a 6 oC perderam mais massa. Os teores de SIA foram menores nos tubérculos a 6 oC e os de AST, ANR e AR foram maiores naqueles armazenados a 6 oC. A atividade da PPO, em todas as cultivares, não diferiu com o período ou temperatura de armazenamento. A coloração dos palitos fritos das cultivares Asterix e Basin Russet, após armazenamento a 6 oC por 60 dias e os daqueles das Cronos, Jurata e Lion Heart após 90 dias de armazenamento foram mais escuros. As notas de coloração do palito fritos, após armazenamento dos tubérculos foi de 4 a 5 a 6 oC e de 2 a 3 a 8 °C por 150 dias, respectivamente. O armazenamento a 6 oC reduziu a brotação dos tubérculos. A temperatura e período de armazenamento ideais paras as cultivares Asterix, Basin Russet, Cronos, Jurata e Lion Heart para fritura foi a de 8 oC por 120 dias sem escurecimento não enzimático e, portanto, aptas para processamento considerando a coloração dos palitos e a incidência de brotação.The potato is the most important tuber in the world. Storage of potato tubers at temperatures below 8 ° C accumulates reducing sugars that react with the amino acid asparagine during frying, darkening the fried products. The objective was to determine the ideal temperature and shelf life of potato cultivars for frying. Tubers of commercial cultivars Asterix, Basin Russet, Cronos, Jurata and Lion Heart were harvested 120-130 days after planting and stored at 6 and 8 °C at 85 and 90% RH, respectively. The loss of accumulated mass (LAM), carbohydrate content - insoluble solids in alcohol (AIS), total soluble sugars (TSS), reducing sugars (RS), non-reducing sugars (NRS), polyphenoloxidase activity (PPO) after frying and sprouting incidence were evaluated at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. Tubers of Asterix and Lion Heart stored at 8 °C and Basin Russet, Cronos and Jurata at 6 °C lost more mass. SIA levels were lower in the tubers at 6 °C and AST, ANR and AR were higher in those stored at 6 °C. The PPO activity in all cultivars did not differ with storage period or temperature. The coloring of the fried sticks of the cultivars Asterix and Basin Russet after storage at 6 oC for 60 days and those of Cronos, Jurata and Lion Heart after 90 days of storage were darker. After the storage of the tubers, the frying stick was 4 to 5 to 6 oC and 2 to 3 to 8 oC for 150 days, respectively. Storage at a temperature of 6 °C reduced sprouting of tubers. The ideal temperature and shelf life for Asterix, Basin Russet, Cronos, Jurata and Lion Heart for frying was 8 °C for 120 days without non-enzymatic browning and therefore suitable for processing considering tooth color and incidence buds.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerai

Influência da poda de formação sobre o ciclo fenológico de pimenteiras em vaso

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o efeito da poda de formação sobre o ciclo fenológico de dois genótipos de pimenteira para fins ornamentais: Pirâmide Ornamental (Capsicum frutescens) e Biquinho (Capsicum chinense). A primeira poda foi realizada quando as plantas apresentavam quatro a cinco pares de folhas verdadeiras. Os cortes foram realizados logo após o primeiro par de folhas apicais completamente expandidas. Quando as plantas iniciaram as brotações laterais e estas já estavam com mais de 5 cm, foi realizada a segunda poda, retirando o excesso de brotações laterais e mantendo apenas aquelas mais vigorosas de forma a se obter os seguintes tratamentos: plantas com duas hastes, plantas com três hastes e plantas sem poda (controle). Durante a condução do experimento, as pimenteiras foram avaliadas quanto à precocidade, caracterizada pelo tempo compreendido entre o plantio e a comercialização. A poda retardou em 15 e 10 dias a precocidade dos genótipos Biquinho e Pirâmide Ornamental, respectivamente. No entanto, a fase de frutificação e maturação não foram alteradas, com exceção do genótipo Biquinho conduzido em duas hastes que retardou em 5 dias a fase de maturação.This study aimed to determine the effect of pruning on the phenological cycle of two pepper genotypes for ornamental purposes: Pirâmide ornamental (Capsicum frutescens) and Biquinho (Capsicum chinense). The first pruning was performed when the plants had four to five pairs of true leaves. The cuts were performed shortly after the first pair of fully expanded apical leaves. When the plants started the lateral shoots and they were already more than 5 cm, the second pruning was done, removing the excess of lateral shoots and maintaining only those more vigorous so as to obtain the following treatments: plants with two stems, plants With three stems and plants without pruning (control). During the experiment, peppercorns were evaluated for precocity, characterized by the time between planting and commercialization. The pruning delayed in 15 and 10 days the precocity of the Biquinho and Pirâmide Ornamental genotypes, respectively. However, the fruiting and maturation phase were not altered, except for the genotype Biquinho conducted on two stems that delayed the maturation phase by 5 days

Minimum number of samples to determine inadequate storage of potato cv. Markies to processing

Potato tubers for frying are stored at low temperature to reduce sprout losses and diseases. The objective was to determine the minimum number of potato cv. Markies for sampling and identification of improper storage conditions. Potatoes cv. Markies tubers were stored at 6 and 8 °C for 180 days and fried. The potato chips coloring was visually determined based on USDA's international grade scale. The repeatability coefficients were estimated by the analysis of variance methods (ANAVA), main components (MC), based on the correlation matrix (PCCo) and covariance (PCCv) and structural analysis (SA) based on the correlation matrix. The color of the potato chips cv. Markies differed with the storage temperature. The minimum number of sticks needed to predict inadequate storage of potato chips for frying at 99% reliability is 37, 50, 50 and 50% and with 95% repetibility is 7, 10, 10, 10 and 10 for the methods of ANOVA, PCCo, PCCv and SA, respectively. The difference in color of the sticks with the storage temperature allows the application of the repeatability coefficient and the indication of the minimum number of samples for the tubers inadequately stored identification for frying. The minimum number of fried sticks for sampling and identification of inadequate storage of potato cv. Markies with 95% accuracy is 10.Os tubérculos de batata para fritar são armazenados a baixa temperatura para reduzir perdas por brotação e doenças. O objetivo foi determinar o número mínimo de batata cv. Markies para amostragem e identificação de condições de armazenamento inadequadas. Os tubérculos de batata cv. Markies foram armazenados a 6 e 8 ° C por 180 dias e fritos. A coloração das batatas fritas foi determinada visualmente com base na escala de classificação internacional do USDA. Os coeficientes de repetibilidade foram estimados pelos métodos de análise de variância (ANOVA), componentes principais (CP), com base na matriz de correlação (PCCo) e covariância (PCCv) e análise estrutural (AS) com base na matriz de correlação. A cor das batatas fritas cv. Markies diferiu com a temperatura de armazenamento. O número mínimo de palitos necessários para prever o armazenamento inadequado de batatas fritas para fritar com 99% de confiabilidade é 37, 50, 50 e 50% e com 95% de repetibilidade é 7, 10, 10, 10 e 10 para os métodos de ANOVA, PCCo , PCCv e SA, respectivamente. A diferença de cor dos palitos com a temperatura de armazenamento permite a aplicação do coeficiente de repetibilidade e a indicação do número mínimo de amostras para identificação dos tubérculos armazenados inadequadamente para fritura. O número mínimo de palitos fritos para amostragem e identificação de armazenamento inadequado da batata cv. Markies com 95% de precisão é 10

Hidroresfriamento na conservação pós-colheita de cebolinha

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do hidroresfriamento seguido de armazenamento a 12º C na manutenção da qualidade pós-colheita de cebolinha. Foram utilizadas para este experimento cebolinhas oriundas de produtor local, colhidas nas primeiras horas da manhã e conduzidas imediatamente ao laboratório, onde foram submetidas à hidroresfriamento. O pré-resfriamento foi efetivo em manter a aparência geral das cebolinhas e os teores de clorofila. Também houve redução na perda de massa fresca e manutenção do balanço hídrico. Portanto, recomenda-se o hidroresfriamento de cebolinha seguido de armazenamento a temperatura de 12º C

DETERMINAÇÃO DO PONTO DE COLHEITA DE FLORES DE Tropaeolum majus L.

Tropaeolum majus L. é utilizada como flor comestível e medicinal. A conservação e a qualidade das flores são determinadas, principalmente, pelo estádio de maturação em que são colhidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o ponto de colheita de flores de T. majus. Os estádios fenológicos das flores foram determinados visualmente. A antocianina, comprimento das flores, carotenoides, flavonoides, massa fresca e teor de sólidos solúveis aumentaram durante o desenvolvimento das flores seguido de uma redução nos estádios correspondentes a senescência. O teor de ácido ascórbico decresceu durante o desenvolvimento. O estádio XII corresponde ao ponto ideal de colheita para as flores de T. majus