Burned area mapping in the brazilian savanna using a one-class support vector machine trained by active fires

We used the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) active fire data (375 m spatial resolution) to automatically extract multispectral samples and train a One-Class Support Vector Machine for burned area mapping, and applied the resulting classification algorithm to 300-m spatial resolution imagery from the Project for On-Board Autonomy-Vegetation (PROBA-V). The active fire data were screened to prevent extraction of unrepresentative burned area samples and combined with surface reflectance bi-weekly composites to produce burned area maps. The procedure was applied over the Brazilian Cerrado savanna, validated with reference maps obtained from Landsat images and compared with the Collection 6 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Burned Area product (MCD64A1) Results show that the algorithm developed improved the detection of small-sized scars and displayed results more similar to the reference data than MCD64A1. Unlike active fire-based region growing algorithms, the proposed approach allows for the detection and mapping of burn scars without active fires, thus eliminating a potential source of omission error. The burned area mapping approach presented here should facilitate the development of operational-automated burned area algorithms, and is very straightforward for implementation with other sensorsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Understanding the placement of fire emissions from the Brazilian Cerrado biome in the atmospheric carbon budget

Estimating fire emissions in the Brazilian Cerrado requires a comprehensive approach, combining data, fire and vegetation modelling techniques, and policy. Although high quantities of global fire emissions come from the Cerrado, research in this area is still overlooked when compared to other savanna countries. This study systematically reviewed 69 papers on fire emissions from the Cerrado. The aim was to provide insights into the placement of the Cerrado in the atmospheric carbon budget and support improved estimation of the Biome’s carbon balance. Our review finds that, in the Cerrado, studies often focus on quantifying fire dynamics parameters and emissions, and that a holistic approach is required to estimate fire emissions, which is hindered due to the difficulty in valuing the qualitative aspects of fire. Evidence suggests a rise in interest in understanding fire emissions in the Cerrado, reflected in the increased number of studies throughout the years. More research is required to understand the aspects of fire dynamics in the Cerrado, how these reflect fire emissions locally and globally and potential mitigation activities. This could be achieved by including fire management representation in land surface models and using observational data to constrain and assess their utility

Satellite active fire data validation using drones: Protocols and initial results from prescribed fires in Brazil

Global biomass burning impacts millions of hectares annually resulting in high social, environmental and economic costs. Satellite-based active fire detection products provide key information in support of land management and science applications and are available routinely from a variety of sources. Data validation is an important aspect guiding product development and characterization and is addressed in this study with the use of miniaturized sensors paired to unmanned airborne vehicles, or drones. Specifically, we deployed a custommade broadband spectral radiometer along with a commercial off-the-shelf infrared camera (FLIR Zenmuse XT) mounted to small consumer drones (DJI's Phantom3 and Inspire) flown over small prescribed burns implemented so as to coincide with the overpass times of different earth observing satellites (e.g., NASA Terra & Aqua, NOAA/NASA S-NPP, USGS Landsat-8, and ESA Sentinel-2). Near-simultaneous fire radiative power retrievals were obtained using the airborne and spaceborne data acquired during prescribed fires conducted in grasslands and savannas plots in the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Tocantins and Mato Grosso do Sul between July 2017 and September 2018. A set of standard operating procedures were defined with attention to satellite active fire data validation requirements (e.g., reference data calibration) and subsequently adopted for each of the fires sampled. Airborne and spaceborne observations were co-located and temporally paired to within 2sec, and path transmittances calculated in order to account for atmospheric attenuation of fire retrievals. Our results showed good agreement (differences as low as 5%) between drone and satellite-based fire retrievals while also serving to demonstrate the potential for fully reproducible satellite data validation protocols using small sensor and drone technologies

Rabdomiólise como efeito adverso ao uso de estatinas: uma revisão bibliográfica

Introdução: Dentre os sintomas musculares associados às estatinas (SMAE), a rabdomiólise é, frequentemente, a manifestação de pior prognóstico. Apesar de ser considerada rara, essa condição incorre em um alto nível de mortalidade e possui importante correlação com o tratamento das dislipidemias, já que as estatinas são medicamentos utilizados para essa comorbidade. Logo, o tema abordado tem demonstrado importância na prática clínica e na abordagem farmacológica. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão bibliográfica acerca dos fatores de risco, manifestações clínicas, métodos diagnósticos e manejo da rabdomiólise induzida por estatinas. Metodologia: Revisão da literatura de caráter analítico e descritivo, seguimos parcialmente a metodologia PRISMA para catalogação dos resultados, sendo selecionados 91 artigos científicos dos quais apenas 44 literaturas foram incluídas na presente revisão. Os artigos foram selecionados a partir das bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SCIELO) e National Library of Medicine (PUBMED). Resultado: A rabdomiólise, como reação colateral das estatinas, está bem documentada na literatura. Verifica-se que é uma condição rara e a mais letal das miopatias induzidas por estatinas, já que diversos fatores endógenos e exógenos atuam como potenciais aditivos ao risco de desenvolvimento dessa condição. O diagnóstico é essencialmente baseado nos níveis de Creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) e na sintomatologia adjacente, especialmente a Insuficiência Renal Aguda (IRA). O manejo terapêutico baseia-se na retirada da estatina, suporte clínico e monitoração. Conclusão: A rabdomiólise é uma condição rara, porém de grande relevância clínica por conta de suas graves repercussões. Sua relação com o uso de estatinas deve ser considerada quando a clínica for sugestiva, principalmente na presença de fatores de risco. A informação aos pacientes a respeito dos riscos envolvidos na terapia de estatinas pode ajudar na identificação da miopatia precocemente. Na presença de sintomas, o manejo é baseado na descontinuação do medicamento associado a medidas de suporte clínico. Além disso, deve-se considerar os diagnósticos diferenciais nos casos de não resolução.&nbsp

Polymorphisms in transcription factor binding sites and enhancer regions and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful tool for detecting variants associated with complex traits and can help risk stratification and prevention strategies against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the strict significance threshold commonly used makes it likely that many true risk loci are missed. Functional annotation of GWAS polymorphisms is a proven strategy to identify additional risk loci. We aimed to investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in regulatory regions [transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and enhancers] that could change the expression profile of multiple genes they act upon and thereby modify PDAC risk. We analyzed a total of 12,636 PDAC cases and 43,443 controls from PanScan/PanC4 and the East Asian GWAS (discovery populations), and the PANDoRA consortium (replication population). We identified four associations that reached study-wide statistical significance in the overall meta-analysis: rs2472632(A) (enhancer variant, OR 1.10, 95%CI 1.06,1.13, p = 5.5 × 10−8), rs17358295(G) (enhancer variant, OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.10,1.22, p = 6.1 × 10−7), rs2232079(T) (TFBS variant, OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.83,0.93, p = 6.4 × 10−6) and rs10025845(A) (TFBS variant, OR 1.88, 95%CI 1.50,1.12, p = 1.32 × 10−5). The SNP with the most significant association, rs2472632, is located in an enhancer predicted to target the coiled-coil domain containing 34 oncogene. Our results provide new insights into genetic risk factors for PDAC by a focused analysis of polymorphisms in regulatory regions and demonstrating the usefulness of functional prioritization to identify loci associated with PDAC risk.</p

Polymorphisms in transcription factor binding sites and enhancer regions and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful tool for detecting variants associated with complex traits and can help risk stratification and prevention strategies against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the strict significance threshold commonly used makes it likely that many true risk loci are missed. Functional annotation of GWAS polymorphisms is a proven strategy to identify additional risk loci. We aimed to investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in regulatory regions [transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and enhancers] that could change the expression profile of multiple genes they act upon and thereby modify PDAC risk. We analyzed a total of 12,636 PDAC cases and 43,443 controls from PanScan/PanC4 and the East Asian GWAS (discovery populations), and the PANDoRA consortium (replication population). We identified four associations that reached study-wide statistical significance in the overall meta-analysis: rs2472632(A) (enhancer variant, OR 1.10, 95%CI 1.06,1.13, p = 5.5 × 10−8), rs17358295(G) (enhancer variant, OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.10,1.22, p = 6.1 × 10−7), rs2232079(T) (TFBS variant, OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.83,0.93, p = 6.4 × 10−6) and rs10025845(A) (TFBS variant, OR 1.88, 95%CI 1.50,1.12, p = 1.32 × 10−5). The SNP with the most significant association, rs2472632, is located in an enhancer predicted to target the coiled-coil domain containing 34 oncogene. Our results provide new insights into genetic risk factors for PDAC by a focused analysis of polymorphisms in regulatory regions and demonstrating the usefulness of functional prioritization to identify loci associated with PDAC risk.</p

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Common variability in oestrogen-related genes and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk in women

The incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is different among males and females. This disparity cannot be fully explained by the difference in terms of exposure to known risk factors; therefore, the lower incidence in women could be attributed to sex-specific hormones. A two-phase association study was conducted in 12,387 female subjects (5436 PDAC cases and 6951 controls) to assess the effect on risk of developing PDAC of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 208 genes involved in oestrogen and pregnenolone biosynthesis and oestrogen-mediated signalling. In the discovery phase 14 polymorphisms showed a statistically significant association (P < 0.05). In the replication none of the findings were validated. In addition, a gene-based analysis was performed on the 208 selected genes. Four genes (NR5A2, MED1, NCOA2 and RUNX1) were associated with PDAC risk, but only NR5A2 showed an association (P = 4.08 × 10−5) below the Bonferroni-corrected threshold of statistical significance. In conclusion, despite differences in incidence between males and females, our study did not identify an effect of common polymorphisms in the oestrogen and pregnenolone pathways in relation to PDAC susceptibility. However, we validated the previously reported association between NR5A2 gene variants and PDAC risk