Case study on the use of Bloom’s taxonomy applied to virtual tools in higher education

As novas gerações que iniciam seus estudos no ensino superior tornam necessárias atualizações nas metodologias de ensino-aprendizagem. Ainda existem divergências entre as expectativas de docentes e discentes, que por muitas vezes é motivada pelo não esclarecimento dos objetivos de cada disciplina. Além da falta de clareza nos objetivos, os recursos de avaliação e acompanhamento de desempenho são pouco explorados por cursos presenciais, apesar de ferramentas disponíveis para cursos à distância. Visando maximizar a autonomia dos alunos em seu processo de ensino-aprendizagem, este trabalho propôs o desenvolvimento e a implementação dos objetivos da disciplina de Bioengenharia para o curso de Engenharia Química através da taxonomia de Bloom, bem como a disponibilização de materiais e questionários virtuais para os alunos. Os alunos foram receptivos com o uso dos objetivos e ferramentas virtuais disponibilizadas, trazendo resultados positivos para esta metodologia de ensino. Novos trabalhos com turmas de alunos maiores podem trazer resultados de desempenho estatisticamente relevantes.The new generations who begin their studies in higher education make it necessary to update the teaching-learning methodologies. There are still differences between the expectations of teachers and students, which is often motivated by not clarifying the objectives of each discipline. In addition to the lack of clarity in the objectives, the evaluation and performance monitoring resources are little explored by face-to-face courses, despite the tools available for distance learning courses. In order to maximize students’ autonomy in their teaching-learning process, this paper proposed the development and implementation of the objectives of the Bioengineering course for Chemical Engineering through the Bloom’s taxonomy, as well as the availability of materials and virtual questionnaires for the students. The students were receptive with the use of the virtual tools and objectives, bringing positive results to this teaching methodology. New work with larger student groups can bring statistically relevant performance results

Active ingredients, mechanisms of action and efficacy tests of antipollution cosmetic and personal care products

Urban population around the globe is direct exposed to the pollution caused by several sources (vehicles, industries, smokes etc.) and primary pollutants are divided in particulate matter and toxic gases. Current researches in populous countries indicated that exposure to pollution could affect sebum composition, stratum corneum quality and signs of skin aging. Hair and scalp are also affected by the excessive exposure to pollutants, resulting in a dull, dry and lifeless appearance. Cosmetics have been evolved conceptual and scientifically to achieve substantial effectiveness against pollution damaging on the cutaneous tissue, involving the development of innovative multipurpose active ingredients and efficacy tests, skilled to prove the protection and benefits of such personal care products. In this review, we highlighted the skin and hair/scalp damages provoked by the main environmental pollutants and the active substances used in antipollution cosmetics/personal care products with the respective mechanisms of action. Likewise, in vitro and in vivo efficacy tests were discussed concerning the antipollution claim substantiating

Vitamin E in Human Skin: Functionality and Topical Products

Vitamins are part of the antioxidant system of human skin, and are detectable in different layers, so the topical application can be an alternative to maintain the functionality of the system. The capacity of the antioxidant gradient of keratinocytes is associated with attenuation of the action of related free radicals in both esthetics and health. These problems arise from extrinsic aging and are related to the risk of cancer. Vitamin E has been proven to have antioxidant and moisturizing properties in the skin and can protect against the damage of UVB radiation, with emphasis on the reduction of acute erythema and photoaging. The choice for the use of topical vitamin E, compared to the oral is given by the safety as mild irritation and it has potential for multifunctional topical formulations. The purpose of the chapter is to review the topical use of formulations with vitamin E, addressing the development, safe use and evaluation of effectiveness

Preparação e caracterização de organogéis contendo vitamina E para aplicação cosmética

Human skin is attacked daily by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and pollutants. Such aggressions can promote lipid peroxidation mediated by free radicals in cells, generating DNA damage and inflammatory processes, in addition to endogenous vitamin E depletion. The use of antioxidant cosmetic products has potential for treatment; however, the stability and permeation of these active ingredients may be a limiting factor in their use. Thus, the present work aimed at the development and characterization of organogels containing vitamin E and their dispersions in bigels, focusing on cosmetic application. The results derived from this investigation are ordered in three articles, being: (1) review on organogels in the cosmetic area; (2) application of organogels containing vitamin E in systems of bigels, their physicochemical characterization and evaluation of efficacy in vitro and ex vivo; and (3) characterization of organogels containing vitamin E regarding their microstructure and rheological profile. The results indicated that despite the potential for permeation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic actives through the skin, increased stability and sensory modification, organogels were still little explored in the cosmetic area. The bigels were characterized as weak viscoelastic oil-in-water gels, with adequate stability determined by thermal and centrifugal stress. The presence of vitamin E generated little influence on the rheological profile and efficacy in vitro and ex vivo of the bigels, emphasizing the need for further studies in the presence of stress in the biological sample. Organogels were characterized as weak pseudoplastic gels. The type of organogelling agent was relevantly influenced in the presence of vitamin E. 12-Hydroxysesteric acid had a reduction in gel strength, while candelilla wax showed increased strength. All phase transition temperatures were reduced in the presence of vitamin E. The results indicated the potential use of organogels and bigels in the delivery of vitamin E for topical application, enabling the development of formulations with stability and modulation of the rheological profile as needed.A pele humana é agredida diariamente pela radiação ultravioleta (UV) e poluentes. Tais agressões podem promover a peroxidação lipídica mediada por radicais livres nas células, gerando danos ao DNA e processos inflamatórios, ademais da depleção da vitamina E endógena. O uso de produtos cosméticos antioxidantes apresenta potencial para o tratamento, porém, a estabilidade e permeação desses ingredientes ativos pode ser um limitante em sua utilização. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de organogéis contendo vitamina E e suas dispersões em bigéis, visando aplicação cosmética. Os resultados derivados dessa investigação estão ordenados em três artigos, sendo: (1) revisão sobre organogéis na área cosmética; (2) aplicação de organogéis contendo vitamina E em sistemas de bigéis, sua caracterização físico-química e avaliação de eficácia in vitro e ex vivo; e (3) caracterização de organogéis contendo vitamina E quanto à sua microestrutura e perfil reológico. Os resultados indicaram que apesar do potencial na permeação de ativos hidrofílicos e hidrofóbicos pela pele, aumento de estabilidade e modificação no sensorial, os organogéis ainda foram pouco explorados na área cosmética. Os bigéis foram caracterizados como géis viscoelásticos fracos tipo óleo-em-água, com estabilidade adequada determinada por estresse térmico e centrífugo. A presença de vitamina E gerou pouca influência no perfil reológico e eficácia in vitro e ex vivo dos bigéis, ressaltando a necessitando de estudos posteriores na presença de estresse na amostra biológica. Os organogéis foram caracterizados como géis pseudoplásticos fracos. O tipo de organogelificante sofreu influência relevante na presença da vitamina E, sendo que o ácido 12-hidroxiesteárico teve redução na força do gel, enquanto a cera de candelila apresentou aumento de força. Todas as temperaturas de transição de fases foram reduzidas na presença de vitamina E. Os resultados indicaram o potencial uso de organogéis e bigéis na veiculação de vitamina E para aplicação tópica, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de formulações com estabilidade e modulação de perfil reológico conforme a necessidade

Preparation and characterization of colloidal particles of citrus pectin and vegetable peptones for use in cosmetics

Orientador: Maria Helena Andrade SantanaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuímicaResumo: O uso de matérias-primas sustentáveis, biodegradáveis e biocompatíveis é de grande interesse em aplicações farmacêuticas e cosméticas. O mercado cosmético situa-se em pleno processo de desenvolvimento, principalmente na área de produtos capilares, apresentando vendas expressivas no Brasil. Esse crescimento acarreta na necessidade de produtos inovadores, polivalentes e seguros para oferecimento aos consumidores. Neste âmbito, as partículas poliméricas coloidais têm ocupado posição de destaque no cenário mundial, marcando a presença da nanotecnologia em produtos cosméticos. Uma grande variedade de matérias-primas naturais ou sintéticas são polieletrólitos, cuja reticulação eletrostática em condições controladas produz partículas coloidais. A pectina cítrica e as peptonas vegetais fazem parte dos polieletrólitos, cuja origem vegetal tem sido preferida para as aplicações em cosméticos, em substituição a produtos de origem animal ou inorgânica. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a produção de partículas coloidais de pectina cítrica e das peptonas de soja e trigo, reticuladas com cloreto de cálcio e goma guar quaternizada. Em todos os casos, a produção das partículas foi realizada em processo descontínuo, simples, escalonável e na ausência de solventes orgânicos, envolvendo o gotejamento de solução do agente reticulante sobre a solução do polieletrólito sob agitação mecânica. Os resultados mostraram que para a pectina cítrica, o tamanho e a polidispersidade das partículas foram controlados pelo grau de esterificação, agente reticulante e concentração inicial de eletrólito em solução. Para obtenção de partículas em escala nanométrica, a concentração da pectina foi de 10,0 g/l e a concentração do agente reticulante foi 1,0% (m/v). As partículas obtidas conferiram viscoelasticidade à mistura de solução de pectina e copolímero catiônico (poliquaternium-7). A viscoelasticidade foi dependente da proporção e do diâmetro das partículas de pectina, com contribuição semelhante das partículas micro e nanométricas para formações viscoelásticas. No caso das peptonas vegetais, as de trigo tiveram o seu melhor desempenho na formação de nanopartículas com menor polidispersidade. As partículas obtidas atenderam às características físico-químicas de composição, tamanho e polidispersidade requeridas para aplicações em cosméticos. As partículas de pectina, em particular, apresentaram-se promissoras para aplicações em produtos cosméticos capilares devido tamanho reduzido e potencial viscoelástico. Os fios de cabelo submetidos aos processos de transformação capilar foram o foco para a aplicação dessas partículas na tentativa de minimizar os danos pré-existentesAbstract: The use of sustainable, biodegradable and biocompatible raw materials show great interest for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. The cosmetic market is situated in development process, particularly in the area of hair products, with significant sales in Brazil. This growth brings the need for innovative, versatile and safe products to consumers. In this context, polymeric colloidal particles have occupied a prominent position on the world stage, marking the presence of nanotechnology in cosmetics. A variety of materials are natural or synthetic polyelectrolytes, whose electrostatic crosslinking in controlled conditions produces colloidal particles. The citrus pectin and vegetables peptones are part of polyelectrolytes, whose vegetable source has been preferred for applications in cosmetics, replacing animal products or inorganic materials. In this work, we studied the production of colloidal particles of citrus pectin and soybean and wheat peptones, all crosslinked with calcium chloride and quaternized guar gum. In all cases, production of particles was performed in a batch process, simple, scalable and in the absence of organic solvents, involving the drip of crosslinking agent on the polyelectrolyte solution under mechanical stirring. The results showed that for citrus pectin, size and polydispersity of the particles was controlled by the degree of esterification, crosslinking agent and initial concentration of electrolyte in solution. To obtain nanometer scale particles the concentration of the pectin was 10.0 g/l and the concentration of crosslinking agent was 1.0% (m / v). The particles obtained impart viscoelasticity to the mixture of pectin and cationic copolymer (polyquaternium-7). The viscoelasticity depended on the proportion and the particle diameter of pectin, as the micro and nanometric particles were similar to viscoelastic formations. In the case of peptones, wheat had the better performance in the formation of nanoparticles with low polydispersity. The obtained particles met the physico-chemical composition, size and polydispersity required for applications in cosmetics. The pectin particles, in particular, were very promising for applications in cosmetic hair due small size and potential viscoelastic. Capillary transformation processes were the focus for the application of these particles in an attempt to minimize the pre-existing damaged hairMestradoEngenharia de ProcessosMestra em Engenharia Químic

Rheological properties of citrus pectin dispersions and its blends with polyquaternium‐7 and colloidal particles

This article reports on the rheological behavior of a 5% (w/w) citrus pectin (CP) dispersion, its blends with polyquaternium‐7 (PQ) and also with 200 nm nanoparticles (NP) and 1.8 µm microparticles (MP) of CP. The viscous (G″) and elastic (G′) moduli of the CP dispersion were similar, whereas G′ was higher than G″ for PQ. The 1:20 (w/w) blend of CP and PQ enhanced the viscoelastic profile of CP and also decreased its cross‐over frequency. NP and MP were equally effective in enhancing the viscoelastic properties of CP. The best viscoelastic behavior was obtained with 1:20:0.4 (w/w) CP:PQ:(NP or MP) composition. The association of CP with PQ and/or MP or NP tended to change the behavior of CP and PQ dispersions from pseudoplastic to Newtonian. Cox‐Merz superposition was observed for CP:PQ and CP:(MP or NP). These findings contribute for modulation of the rheological properties of CP dispersions for specific applications13115sem informaçãosem informaçãoThe authors would like to thank Chemyunion Quimica for the financial support and Professor Edvaldo Sabadini of the Chemical Institute of the University of Campinas for the use of the rheomete

The Scenario of Clays and Clay Minerals Use in Cosmetics/Dermocosmetics

The use of clays in beauty care comes from ancient times, with therapeutic use since prehistory, and it is considerably relevant in the current cosmetic industry worldwide. In our review, we described types of clay and clay minerals used in cosmetics and dermocosmetics, compositions, usages as active compounds and cosmetic ingredients/starting materials, and observations about formulation techniques. From this review, we observed that although much scientific and specialized literature has reported the characterization of clays, only some involved efficacy tests when incorporated into cosmetic products, mainly concerning haircare applications. Our review could be considered and encouraged in the coming years to provide scientific and technical information for the cosmetic industry regarding the multifunctional use of clays and clay minerals

Methods for cutaneous penetration assessment of organic UV filters - a review

Sunscreens are currently considered cosmetic assets and their use has considerably increased since consumers have become greatly aware of the damages induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin, such as premature aging and cancer. However, concerns have arisen over the percutaneous absorption of UV filters. In order to ensure both efficacy and safety, sunscreens need to remain in the outermost layers of the stratum corneum, because their penetration into the dermis can cause systemic effects. Herein, a review was conducted of specialized literature published between 2000 to 2020, clustering studies focused on the skin penetration of UV filters. In this context, different in vitro and in vivo methodologies employed to assess the penetration of such compounds are highlighted, such as those based on tape stripping and diffusion cells. When combined with analytical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, it is possible to trace a profile of the penetration of UV filters and elucidate factors that interfere with this phenomenon. Moreover, studies have been carried out on dissemination strategies that aim to encapsulate the molecules of UV filters, and/or change their physicochemical characteristics, in effort to increase the efficacy and safety of these formulations

Active ingredients, mechanisms of action and efficacy tests of antipollution cosmetic and personal care products

Urban population around the globe is direct exposed to the pollution caused by several sources (vehicles, industries, smokes etc.) and primary pollutants are divided in particulate matter and toxic gases. Current researches in populous countries indicated that exposure to pollution could affect sebum composition, stratum corneum quality and signs of skin aging. Hair and scalp are also affected by the excessive exposure to pollutants, resulting in a dull, dry and lifeless appearance. Cosmetics have been evolved conceptual and scientifically to achieve substantial effectiveness against pollution damaging on the cutaneous tissue, involving the development of innovative multipurpose active ingredients and efficacy tests, skilled to prove the protection and benefits of such personal care products. In this review, we highlighted the skin and hair/scalp damages provoked by the main environmental pollutants and the active substances used in antipollution cosmetics/personal care products with the respective mechanisms of action. Likewise, in vitro and in vivo efficacy tests were discussed concerning the antipollution claim substantiating