Alternative internet(s): will they develop in Latin America?

Renata Avila, a lawyer who works with the Web Foundation’s Web We Want initative, discusses the possibility of the emergence of alternative internets in Latin America, in the last post of our alternative internet(s) series

Monitoring the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights for Persons with Disabilities: A Comparative Analysis of Judicial Decisions in the European Union, Colombia and Mexico

In 2008, the first international binding document specifically intended for the protection and promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities entered into force: the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [CRPD]. It is not a treaty that creates new rights, but rather recognizes disability as a human rights issue and the importance of the role of governments and society in eliminating the long practice of social oppression, and the removal of physical and attitudinal barriers faced by people with impairments. The adoption of the CRPD in 2006 , was the culmination of a long world wide self-advocacy movement that pushed “from below” (Sabetello, 2014: 14) towards the recognition of persons with disabilities as subjects of the law and right-holders, as the means to achieve equality and full participation in society. The CRPD obliges party States to “recognize the right of persons with disabilities to education. With a view to realizing this right without discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunity, party States shall ensure an inclusive education system at all levels and life long learning” (Art. 24.1) . Therefore, the international human rights community recognizes inclusive education as the most appropriate system under which universal and nondiscriminatory education can be achieved. In an attempt to answer the research question: to what extent has the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [CRPD] has impacted judicial decisions on inclusive education in Mexico, Colombia and the European Union?, this study adopts a comparative perspective of judiciary decisions in order to explore the impact of the ratification of the CRPD in the advancement of the right to inclusive education in the selected party States Mexico and Colombia, and region, the European Union. For that purpose, the thesis is divided in six sections –the Introduction and five Chapters-. On this section, the following paragraphs will cover first the scope of the problem, which explores the status of persons with disabilities in relation to their right to education, and the role of the judges as political actors that actively participate in decision making and standard setting that affect the every-day life of millions of persons; second, the justification and methodology followed by the study are presented. The first chapter introduces the conceptual framework of the indicators used as the analysis tool. Chapter II refers to the analysis of the judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights; Chapter III does it for the rulings of the Constitutional Court of Colombia; while the fourth Chapter presents the results found within the sentences of the Supreme Court of Mexico. Concluding, Chapter V discusses the comparisons of the contributions of three judicial systems in the protection of the right to education for persons with disabilities

Mapping Digital Media: Guatemala

The Mapping Digital Media project examines the global opportunities and risks created by the transition from traditional to digital media. Covering 60 countries, the project examines how these changes affect the core democratic service that any media system should provide: news about political, economic, and social affairs.Guatemala is a relatively young democracy plagued by high levels of violent crime, corruption, and wealth inequality, with poverty concentrated in rural areas and among indigenous populations. It has one of the highest rates of illiteracy in the region, with a quarter of all adults unable to read.These problems are not likely to be solved by digital and social media any time soon. However, as new technologies of communication spread among a youthful population, they are likely to play an increasing role in shaping citizenry and promoting social change.This report puts forward a set of policy recommendations to improve transparency and accountability in digital media policy; to support and promote community and minority expression in the new media landscape; to institute public service media; to bridge the digital divide; and to improve the collection, monitoring, and analysis of media consumption data and trends

?leo essencial para o controle de pragas e pat?genos na cultura do eucalipto

Na Capa do trabalho, consta o t?tulo: "?leo essencial para o controle de pragas e pat?genos na cultura eucalipto".Na Folha de Rosto do trabalho, consta o t?tulo: "?leo essencial de eucalipto para o controle de pragas e pat?genos do eucalipto".Devido ? introdu??o de pragas ex?ticas e as doen?as causadas por bact?rias, as planta??es de eucalipto, no Brasil, sofrem consider?veis perdas na produ??o. Uma destas pragas foi detectada em 2008 e ? conhecida como percevejo bronzeado Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Carpintero; Dellap?, 2006) (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae). Foram descobertos poss?veis microrganismos simbiontes colonizando o interior deste percevejo que provavelmente se tratam de organismos essenciais para essa praga. Por sua vez, uma das doen?as mais importantes que afetam os plantios ? a mancha foliar do eucalipto. O g?nero Xanthomonas possui maior ocorr?ncia para esta doen?a do eucalipto no pa?s. Para se conseguir a certifica??o florestal, n?o ? recomendado o uso de produtos sint?ticos. Uma das alternativas para o controle dessa praga e dessa doen?a ? a utiliza??o de ?leos essenciais. Assim, o presente estudo visou realizar a caracteriza??o de 18 isolados bacterianos obtidos no interior desse inseto, com vistas a auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estrat?gias de controle dessa praga. Al?m disso, promovera an?lise da atividade antimicrobiana do ?leo essencial de diferentes gen?tipos de eucalipto em tr?s isolados de Xhanthomonas e em tr?s isolados extra?dos do interior do T. peregrinus. As amostras de ?leo essencial testadas foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de todos os isolados bacterianos testados. Dessa forma, o ?leo essencial de eucalipto pode auxiliar no manejo da praga e da doen?a.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2020.Due to introduction of exotic pests and diseases caused by bacteria, eucalyptus plantations are suffering from considerable production losses throughout Brazil. One of these pests was detected in 2008 and is known as bronze bug. Microorganisms were discovered colonizing interior of Thamastocoris peregrinus, which are probably essential organisms for this pest. Currently, one of most important diseases affecting plantations is the leaf spot of eucalyptus. Genus Xanthomonas has a higher occurrence for this eucalyptus disease in the country. To achieve forest certification, use of synthetic products is not recommended. One of alternatives for control of this pest and this disease is the use of essential oils. The present study aims to isolate and characterize 18 bacterial isolates of this insect, with a view to assisting in development of pest control strategies in addition to analysis of the antimicrobial activity of essential oil of different eucalyptus genotypes in three Xhanthomonas spp. isolates and in three isolates extracted from interior of T. peregrinus. Essential oil samples tested were able to inhibit the growth of all bacterial isolates tested. Thus, eucalyptus essential oil can help in the management of this pest and disease

Mapping Digital Media: Guatemala - Spanish

The Mapping Digital Media project examines the global opportunities and risks created by the transition from traditional to digital media. Covering 60 countries, the project examines how these changes affect the core democratic service that any media system should provide: news about political, economic, and social affairs.Guatemala is a relatively young democracy plagued by high levels of violent crime, corruption, and wealth inequality, with poverty concentrated in rural areas and among indigenous populations. It has one of the highest rates of illiteracy in the region, with a quarter of all adults unable to read.These problems are not likely to be solved by digital and social media any time soon. However, as new technologies of communication spread among a youthful population, they are likely to play an increasing role in shaping citizenry and promoting social change.This report puts forward a set of policy recommendations to improve transparency and accountability in digital media policy; to support and promote community and minority expression in the new media landscape; to institute public service media; to bridge the digital divide; and to improve the collection, monitoring, and analysis of media consumption data and trends

A (IN)CONSTITUCIONALIDADE NA DISTINÇÃO ENTRE CÔNJUGE E COMPANHEIRO PARA FINS SUCESSÓRIOS

The present work aimed to analyze the unconstitutionality in the distinction between spouses and partners for succession purposes. The change that has taken place over the last few centuries is unquestionable, as the evolution was such that family forms and models changed from a model that aimed only at heritage, to a model where the most important is a subjective matter, which is the intention of being together among the cohabitants. Due to the gradual evolution, it is necessary to understand that the legislator should adapt to the changes of society, as well as become more flexible in matters related to family law and the right of succession. It is noticeable that there are no distinctions between spouses and partners other than those for legal as well as succession. It is necessary that if the autonomy guaranteed people be efficient to the point that they can choose the way in which they want to constitute their families, as well as they wish to live.El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar la inconstitucionalidad en la distinción entre cónyuges y parejas con fines de sucesión. El cambio que ha tenido lugar en los últimos siglos es incuestionable, ya que la evolución fue tal que las formas y modelos familiares cambiaron de un modelo dirigido exclusivamente al patrimonio, a un modelo donde lo más importante es un asunto subjetivo, cuál es la intención de estar juntos entre los convivientes. Debido a la evolución gradual, es necesario comprender que el legislador debe adaptarse a los cambios de la sociedad, así como ser más flexible en asuntos relacionados con el derecho de familia y el derecho de sucesión. Es notable que no hay distinciones entre cónyuges y parejas que no sean las legales ni la sucesión. Es necesario que si la autonomía garantiza que las personas sean eficientes hasta el punto de que puedan elegir la forma en que desean constituir sus familias, así como desean vivir.Com o presente trabalho teve-se por objetivo principal analisar a inconstitucionalidade na distinção entre cônjuges e companheiros para fins sucessórios. É indiscutível a mudança que ocorreu no decorrer dos últimos séculos, eis que a evolução foi tamanha que as formas e modelos de família se modificaram e passaram de um modelo que visava apenas o patrimônio, para um modelo onde o mais importante é uma questão subjetiva, que é a intenção de estar junto entre os conviventes. Decorrente da evolução gradual, é necessário que se entenda que o legislador se adeque as mudanças da sociedade, bem como passe a ser mais flexível em relação aos assuntos relacionados ao direito de família e ao direito de sucessão. É perceptível que não existam distinções entre cônjuges e companheiros, além das existentes para os fins jurídicos, bem como, sucessórios. É necessário que se a autonomia garantida as pessoas seja eficiente ao ponto de que estas possam escolher a forma em que querem constituir suas famílias, bem como desejam viver

Breastfeeding and Gestational Diabetes

Breastfeeding is recommended as the preferred method of feeding for infants for at least 1 year, because of its multiple immediate and long-term benefits for both the mother and child. Among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), breastfeeding is associated with increased insulin sensitivity, improved insulin secretion, improved glucose tolerance, and a reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Lactation has also been associated with postpartum weight loss, reduced long-term obesity risk, a lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms underlying the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother are unclear. However, a role of adipose tissue-produced cytokines (adipokines) has been suggested. Lactation appears to mobilize adipose tissue accrued during pregnancy, and some changes in adipokine levels have been reported. Higher lactation intensity has been associated with lower plasma leptin, a peptide mainly associated with appetite regulation and insulin resistance

O Turismo Étnico e seus reflexos nos Terreiros de Candomblé Angola em Salvador – Bahia

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o Programa de Ação do Turismo Étnico Afro da Bahia, desenvolvido pela SETUR – Bahia, e seus reflexos na visitação dos Terreiros de Nação Angola em Salvador. Verificou-se a participação e a satisfação dos atores-sociais, entendidos aqui como gestor público, comunidade dos terreiros, visitantes e agentes de viagens, no delineamento e execução do programa. A pesquisa é descritiva, utilizando a abordagem qualitativa, os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, analisados de forma descritiva e analítica, confrontando o referencial teórico aos resultados encontrados. Evidenciou-se um Programa frágil, sem a organização formal de um planejamento; divulgação de produtos sem estudo prévio de demanda; diferentes formas de participação e pouca articulação entre os atores sociais

O enfrentamento do diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down pelos pais: contribuições de enfermagem

Down syndrome is caused by a genetic alteration that is manifested by several signs and symptoms. Parents and the way they face the diagnosis play a fundamental role in the life of a child with Down Syndrome. It is up to nursing to minimize any problems that may harm the biopsychosocial well-being of the child. Objective: to reveal the experience of parents about the diagnosis of Down Syndrome in their children and to verify the previous knowledge about DS. Method: This study is a systematic review of the published literature on the subject. Scientific articles were collected through the Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (). Articles published in the BDENF and Lilacs databases until June7th, 2022 were selected, using the descriptors "Down Syndrome", "Nursing" and "Child Care", combined by the Boolean operator “AND”. Results: The analyzed studies show that the nurse has a fundamental role in this process and that the literature on the subject is still very scarceA síndrome de Down é causada por uma alteração genética que se manifesta por diversos sinais e sintomas. Os pais e a maneira como enfrentam o diagnóstico tem papel fundamental na vida da criança com Síndrome de Down. Cabe à enfermagem minimizar quaisquer problemas que venham prejudicar o bem-estar biopsicossocial da criança. Objetivo: desvelar a experiência de pais sobre descoberta diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down de seus filhos e verificar o conhecimento prévio sobre a SD. Método: Esse estudo trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura publicada sobre o assunto. Foram levantados artigos científicos, por meio da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Foram selecionados os artigos publicados nas bases de dados BDENF e Lilacs até dia 07 de junho de 2022, utilizando os descritores “Síndrome de Down”, “Enfermagem” e “Cuidado da Criança”, combinados pelo operador boleano “AND”. Resultados: Os estudos analisados mostram que o enfermeiro tem um papel fundamental nesse processo e que a literatura sobre o tema ainda é muito escassa