Compensation Rights for Reduction in Property Values Due To Planning Decisions: The Case of France

This Article will describe the origins of the basic principle of non-compensation, the limits of its application, and the various ways in which landowners can receive limited compensation. The Article will conclude by commenting on the recent evolution of the European Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence

A new blind adaptive antenna array for GNSS interference cancellation

This paper introduces a new blind adaptive antenna array as a possible solution to the interference cancellation problem. This new technique is compared to three classical ones over two different sensor radiation patterns. Special attention is paid to the array compatibility with a conventional GNSS receiver. A wide radiation pattern sensor is shown to improve the positioning accuracy by maximizing the satellite constellation visibility. Finally, the new processor demonstrates its superiority in term of positioning accuracy in presence of strong interferences. However, its phase response may make it incompatible with classical GNSS receivers. Some efforts must be done to stabilize it

Optical gratings induced by field-free alignment of molecules

We analyze the alignment of molecules generated by a pair of crossed ultra-short pump pulses of different polarizations by a technique based on the induced time-dependent gratings. Parallel polarizations yield an intensity grating, while perpendicular polarizations induce a polarization grating. We show that both configurations can be interpreted at moderate intensity as an alignment induced by a single polarized pump pulse. The advantage of the perpendicular polarizations is to give a signal of alignment that is free from the plasma contribution. Experiments on femtosecond transient gratings with aligned molecules were performed in CO2 at room temperature in a static cell and at 30 K in a molecular expansion jet.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PR

Few Graphene layer/Carbon-Nanotube composite Grown at CMOS-compatible Temperature

We investigate the growth of the recently demonstrated composite material composed of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes capped by few graphene layers. We show that the carbon nanotubes grow epitaxially under the few graphene layers. By using a catalyst and gaseous carbon precursor different from those used originally we establish that such unconventional growth mode is not specific to a precise choice of catalyst-precursor couple. Furthermore, the composite can be grown using catalyst and temperatures compatible with CMOS processing (T < 450\degree C).Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Electron transport through antidot superlattices in Si/SiGeSi/SiGe heterostructures: new magnetoresistance resonances in lattices with large diameter antidots

In the present work we have investigated the transport properties in a number of Si/SiGe samples with square antidot lattices of different periods. In samples with lattice periods equal to 700 nm and 850 nm we have observed the conventional low-field commensurability magnetoresistance peaks consistent with the previous observations in GaAs/AlGaAs and Si/SiGe samples with antidot lattices. In samples with a 600 nm lattice period a new series of well-developed magnetoresistance oscillations has been found beyond the last commensurability peak which are supposed to originate from periodic skipping orbits encircling an antidot with a particular number of bounds.Comment: To appear in EuroPhys. Let

Corrections quantiques à la conductivité dans les systèmes\ud d'electrons bidimensionnels : effet de l'interaction électron-électron\ud

Ce mémoire présente l'étude des corrections quantiques à la conductivité d'un gaz d'électron\ud bidimensionnel. Les échantillons ont été choisis de façon à permettre une comparaison optimale avec les modèles théoriques disponibles à l'heure actuelle. La première partie de l'étude expérimentale porte sur des gaz d'électrons de haute densité et de faible mobilité obtenus dans des puits quantiques AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs. Ces échantillons permettent une comparaison directe (sans paramètre d'ajustement) avec la théorie de liquide de Fermi des corrections quantiques au tenseur des conductivités. Un accord quantitatif est obtenu. La deuxième partie de ce travail porte sur des gaz d'électrons obtenus à l'interface Si/SiGe. Ce système est original en raison de la structure mixte du désordre qui y est présent et par la présence de contrainte modifiant le spectre énergétique. Une étude détaillée de la conductivité et de la magnéto-résistance est menée. Un accord qualitatif avec la théorie de liquide de Fermi est obtenu. Ces résultats s'inscrivent dans l'effort de recherche mené pour déterminer la nature de l'état fondamental d'un système bidimensionnel d'électrons en interaction. Ce sujet a vu son\ud intérêt renouvelé depuis la découverte en 1994 d'un état apparemment métallique dans ce type de systèmes.\ud \ud We present the experimental study of quantum corrections to the conductivity of a two dimensional electron system. The samples were chosen to allow the best possible comparison with the existing theories. The first part consists of the study of a high density low mobility electron gas in a narrow AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well. These samples allow a parameter free comparison with the Fermi liquid theory of the quantum corrections to the conductivity tensor. A quantitative agreement is obtained. The second part of this work concerns the study of a two-dimensional electrons system realized at the Si/SiGe heterojuntion. The originality of this system consists in the structure of its disorder which is a mixture of short- and long-range. More over, constrain modifies strongly the energetic spectrum. A detailed analysis of the conductivity and the magnetoresistance is realized. A qualitative agreement with the Fermi liquid theory is obtained.. \ud Our results may help determining the nature of the fundamental state of a disordered two-dimensional electron system in presence of interaction. This subject has found a renewed interest after the discovery in 1994 of a metallic like state in this kind of system\u

Comment faire émerger de la connaissance avec un algorithme d'intelligence artificielle et une visualisation de données pour la gestion du diabète

International audienc

Importance of a Thymus Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes

peer reviewedThe autoimmune nature of the diabetogenic process and the major contribution of T lymphocytes stand now beyond any doubt. However, despite the identification of the three major type 1-diabetes-related autoantigens (insulin, GAD65 and phosphatase IA-2), the origin of this immune dysregulation still remains unknown. More and more evidence supports a thymic dysfunction in the establishment of central self-tolerance to the insulin family as a crucial factor in the development of the autoimmune response selective of pancreatic insulin-secreting islet beta cells. All the genes of the insulin family (INS, IGF1 and IGF2) are expressed in the thymus network. However, IGF-2 is the dominant member of this family first encountered by T cells in the thymus, and only IGFs control early T-cell differentiation. IGF2 transcription is defective in the thymus in one animal model of type 1 diabetes, the Bio-Breeding (BB) rat. The sequence B9-23, one dominant autoantigen of insulin, and the homologous sequence B11-25 derived from IGF-2 exibit the same affinity and fully compete for binding to DQ8, one class-II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) conferring major genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Compared to insulin B9-23, the presentation of IGF-2 B11-25 to peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from type 1 diabetic DQ8+ adolescents elicits a regulatory/tolerogenic cytokine profile (*IL-10, *IL-10/IFN-g, *IL-4). Thus, administration of IGF-2 derived self-antigen(s) might constitute a novel form of vaccine/immunotherapy combining both an antagonism for the site of presentation of a susceptible MHC allele, as well as a downstream tolerogenic/regulatory immune response

Early alteration of the self-renewal/differentiation threshold in trophoblast stem cells derived from mouse embryos after nuclear transfer

Development after nuclear transfer (NT) is subjected to defects originating from both the epiblast and the trophoblast parts of the conceptus and is always accompanied by placentomegaly at term. Here we have investigated the origin of the reprogramming errors affecting the trophoblast lineage in mouse NT embryos. We show that trophoblast stem (TS) cells can be derived from NT embryos (ntTS cells) and used as an experimental in vitro model of trophoblast proliferation and differentiation. Strikingly, TS derivation is more efficient from NT embryos than from controls and ntTS cells exhibit a growth advantage over control TS cells under self-renewal conditions. While epiblast-produced growth factors Fgf4 and Activin exert a fine-tuned control on the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of control TS cells, ntTS cells exhibit a reduced dependency upon their micro-environment. Since the supply of growth factors is known do decrease at the onset of placental formation in vivo we propose that TS cells in NT embryos continue to self-renew during a longer period of time than in fertilized embryo. The resulting increased pool of progenitors could contribute to the enlarged extra-embryonic region observed in the early trophoblast of in vivo grown mouse NT blastocysts that results in placentomegaly