4,990 research outputs found

    An Analysis of the Real Interest Rate Under Regime Shifts

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    This study considers the time series behavior of the U.S. real interest rate from 1961 to 1986. We provide a statistical characterization of the series using the methodology of Hamilton (1989), by allowing three possible regimes affecting both the mean and variance of the series. The results suggest that the ex-post real interest rate is essentially random around a mean that is different for the periods 1961-1973, 1973-1980 and 1980-1986. The variance of the process is also different in these episodes being higher in both the 1973-1980 and 1980-1986 sub-periods. The inflation rate series is also analyzed using a three regime framework and again our results show interesting patterns with shifts in both mean and variance. Various model selection tests are run and both an ex-ante real interest rate and an expected inflation series are constructed. Finally, we make clear how our results can explain some recent findings in the literature. Cette Ă©tude s'intĂ©resse au comportement des sĂ©ries du taux d'intĂ©rĂȘt rĂ©el amĂ©ricain de 1961 Ă  1986. En utilisant la mĂ©thodologie d'Hamilton (1989), la modĂ©lisation statistique des sĂ©ries se fait en postulant trois rĂ©gimes possibles affectant la moyenne et la variance de celles-ci. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que le taux d'intĂ©rĂȘt rĂ©el ex-post est essentiellement un processus non corrĂ©lĂ© et centrĂ© sur une moyenne qui diffĂšre sur les pĂ©riodes 1961-1973, 1973-1980 et 1980-1986. La variance du processus est aussi diffĂ©rente pour chacune de ces pĂ©riodes, Ă©tant plus Ă©levĂ©e dans les sous pĂ©riodes 1973-1980 et 1980-1986. Les sĂ©ries du taux d'inflation sont aussi analysĂ©es Ă  la lumiĂšre de ce modĂšle Ă  trois rĂ©gimes et les rĂ©sultats traduisent encore un comportement intĂ©ressant de celles-ci, avec des changements dans la moyenne et la variance. DiffĂ©rents tests de spĂ©cification sont utilisĂ©s et des sĂ©ries, Ă  la fois du taux d'intĂ©rĂȘt rĂ©el ex-ante et de l'inflation anticipĂ©e, sont construites. Enfin, il est montrĂ© comment ces rĂ©sultats peuvent expliquer certaines conclusion rĂ©centes de la littĂ©rature.Nonstationary series; Inflation rate; Unit root; Structural change, SĂ©ries non-stationnaires ; Taux d'inflation ; Racine unitaire ; Changement structurel

    Optimized trajectories to the nearest stars using lightweight high-velocity photon sails

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    New means of interstellar travel are now being considered by various research teams, assuming lightweight spaceships to be accelerated via either laser or solar radiation to a significant fraction of the speed of light (c). We recently showed that gravitational assists can be combined with the stellar photon pressure to decelerate an incoming lightsail from Earth and fling it around a star or bring it to rest. Here, we demonstrate that photogravitational assists are more effective when the star is used as a bumper (i.e. the sail passes "in front of" the star) rather than as a catapult (i.e. the sail passes "behind" or "around" the star). This increases the maximum deceleration at α\alpha Cen A and B and reduces the travel time of a nominal graphene-class sail (mass-to-surface ratio 8.6e-4 gram m−2^{-2}) from 95 to 75 yr. The maximum possible velocity reduction upon arrival depends on the required deflection angle from α\alpha Cen A to B and therefore on the binary's orbital phase. Here, we calculate the variation of the minimum travel times from Earth into a bound orbit around Proxima for the next 300 yr and then extend our calculations to roughly 22,000 stars within about 300 ly. Although α\alpha Cen is the most nearby star system, we find that Sirius A offers the shortest possible travel times into a bound orbit: 69 yr assuming 12.5% c can be obtained at departure from the solar system. Sirius A thus offers the opportunity of flyby exploration plus deceleration into a bound orbit of the companion white dwarf after relatively short times of interstellar travel.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures (5 col, 2 b/w), 2 table

    An optimal trading problem in intraday electricity markets

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    We consider the problem of optimal trading for a power producer in the context of intraday electricity markets. The aim is to minimize the imbalance cost induced by the random residual demand in electricity, i.e. the consumption from the clients minus the production from renewable energy. For a simple linear price impact model and a quadratic criterion, we explicitly obtain approximate optimal strategies in the intraday market and thermal power generation, and exhibit some remarkable properties of the trading rate. Furthermore, we study the case when there are jumps on the demand forecast and on the intraday price, typically due to error in the prediction of wind power generation. Finally, we solve the problem when taking into account delay constraints in thermal power production.Comment: 39 pages, 11 figure

    Le revenu minimum garanti et les problĂšmes juridiques de sa mise en oeuvre

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    L'Ă©volution de la protection sociale, au Canada et au QuĂ©bec, en direction d'un revenu minimum garanti se heurte, en l'Ă©tat actuel des choses, Ă  de formidables obstacles. Ces obstacles tiennent Ă  la fragmentation et Ă  complexitĂ© du systĂšme de sĂ©curitĂ© sociale, Ă  la souplesse et Ă  la mallĂ©abilitĂ© que lui confĂšre le recours Ă  quatre techniques diffĂ©rentes de sĂ©curitĂ© sociale, et surtout aux difficultĂ©s d'ordre constitutionnel et politique dĂ©coulant principalement du partage des compĂ©tences lĂ©gislatives. Ce constat s'appuie sur une analyse du cadre juridique actuel de la protection sociale de base. Celle-ci comprend notamment l'assistance sociale, dont le cadre actuel au QuĂ©bec est la Loi sur la sĂ©curitĂ© du revenu. Parmi les principaux problĂšmes juridiques que suscite ou suscitera vraisemblablement cette loi, sont examinĂ©s : l'incidence des droits fondamentaux, celle du RĂ©gime d'assistance publique du Canada, et les exigences de la lĂ©galitĂ© administrative. Sont ensuite briĂšvement analysĂ©es les autres composantes de la protection sociale de base : les prestations de sĂ©curitĂ© de la vieillesse et les prestations familiales. Le texte rappelle ensuite les caractĂ©ristiques des quatre techniques de sĂ©curitĂ© sociale pratiquĂ©es au Canada et au QuĂ©bec : l'assurance sociale, les prestations universelles, l'assistance sociale et la garantie de revenu. Ce rappel, qui vise Ă  mettre en relief l'effet de complĂ©mentaritĂ© obtenu par le recours aux quatre techniques, dĂ©bouche sur la critique de leurs inconvĂ©nients respectifs, qui dans aucun cas ne semblent en justifier l'abandon aux yeux du public et des dirigeants politiques. Enfin, le texte revient sur les tentatives de mise au point d'une formule de revenu minimum garanti pendant les annĂ©es 1970. Il conclut de l'Ă©chec de ces tentatives, entreprises pourtant dans un climat politique et Ă©conomique relativement favorable, qu'il n'y a pas lieu d'escompter l'aboutissement prochain de propositions nouvelles dans le mĂȘme sens.Major obstacles currently hinder the development of a guaranteed minimum income (GMI) out of the existing Canadian and Quebec social security system. Obstacles flow from the system's fragmentation and complexity ; others stem from the very advantages of the system, namely the flexibility and comprehensiveness offered by the combination of four different techniques of social security : above all, obstacles to any move towards GMI are built in the constitutional and political constraints of federalism. This point is grounded on an analysis of the existing legal framework of basic-level social security in Canada. This mainly involves social assistance schemes in the provinces. The Quebec Income Security Act of 1988 is a fairly typical example of these. The paper surveys some of the major actual or foreseeable legal issues arising out ofthat scheme : its relationship to fundamental rights, to the Canada Assistance Plan and to the requirements of the rule of law in administrative action. Other components of basic-level social security — Old Age Security and family benefits — are then briefly outlined. The paper then proceeds to discuss the specific features of each of the four techniques implemented in the Canada and Quebec social security system : social insurance, universal benefits, social assistance and guaranteed income. The discussion brings out the complementary relationship between the four techniques, as well as their respective drawbacks and concludes that in the eyes of the general public and political leaders, the later do not justify abandoning any of the four. Finally, the paper goes back over the intergovernmental negotiations on GMI during the 1970s. The unfruitfulness of these negotiations, in spite of an initially favourable political and economic climate, suggests that current conditions are unlikely to favour early progress towards a GMI scheme

    Le choix de la sanction disciplinaire : discrĂ©tion de l’employeur ou de l’arbitre?

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    Un arbitre constate que l'employeur Ă©tait justifiĂ© d'imposer une sanction disciplinaire. Peut-il alors, en l'absence d'un texte exprĂšs dans la convention collective, substituer son jugement Ă  celui de l'employeur quant au choix de la sanction ? Un arrĂȘt rĂ©cent de la Cour suprĂȘme du Canada (1) vient de lui nier ce pouvoir. L'arbitre des griefs pourra-t-il dĂ©sormais jouer pleinement son rĂŽle ?(1) Regina v. Arthurs ex parte Port Arthur Shipbuilding Co., arrĂȘt unanime du 1er octobre 1968, rapportĂ© Ă  68 CLLC, parag. 14, 136, p. 11, 686. L'on infirme un arrĂȘt majoritaire de la Cour d'appel d'Ontario (1967) 2 O.R. 49, qui lui-mĂȘme renversait le jugement de premiĂšre instance (1967) 1 O.R. 272. La dĂ©cision du tribunal d'arbitrage se trouve rapportĂ©e Ă  (1966) 17 Lab. Arb. Cas. 109 (Re.United Steelworkers and Port Arthur Shipbuilding Co.
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