In vitro growth environment produces lipidomic and electron transport chain abnormalities in mitochondria from non-tumorigenic astrocytes and brain tumours

The mitochondrial lipidome influences ETC (electron transport chain) and cellular bioenergetic efficiency. Brain tumours are largely dependent on glycolysis for energy due to defects in mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation. In the present study, we used shotgun lipidomics to compare the lipidome in highly purified mitochondria isolated from normal brain, from brain tumour tissue, from cultured tumour cells and from non-tumorigenic astrocytes. The tumours included the CT-2A astrocytoma and an EPEN (ependymoblastoma), both syngeneic with the C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strain. The mitochondrial lipidome in cultured CT-2A and EPEN tumour cells were compared with those in cultured astrocytes and in solid tumours grown in vivo. Major differences were found between normal tissue and tumour tissue and between in vivo and in vitro growth environments for the content or composition of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. The mitochondrial lipid abnormalities in solid tumours and in cultured cells were associated with reductions in multiple ETC activities, especially Complex I. The in vitro growth environment produced lipid and ETC abnormalities in cultured non-tumorigenic astrocytes that were similar to those associated with tumorigenicity. It appears that the culture environment obscures the boundaries of the Crabtree and the Warburg effects. These results indicate that in vitro growth environments can produce abnormalities in mitochondrial lipids and ETC activities, thus contributing to a dependency on glycolysis for ATP production

Estimation of a suitable Schmidt number range in diesel sprays at high injection pressure

The aim of this paper is to estimate a suitable range for the Schmidt number value in non-evaporative diesel sprays. For this purpose, mass distribution data obtained from X-ray absorption experiments existing in literature and a theoretical derivation for spray microscopic characteristics have been combined. Firstly, a procedure based on Gaussian concentration profiles has been proposed in order to interpret X-ray absorption results and relate them to physical parameters as local concentration or spray density. After this, information about FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) values has allowed to estimate spray angle in the tested conditions by the definition of Gaussian profiles for the mass radial distribution inside the spray. Following, a theoretical model dependent on momentum flux and Schmidt number has been used to simulate local mass concentration evolution along the spray axis and compare it with the values obtained from the experiments. The combination of the experimental and the theoretical data has allowed to estimate a suitable range for the Schmidt number value in such conditions as those existing in diesel sprays. © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.This work was sponsored by "Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion" of the "Universitat Politecnica de Valencia" in the frame of the project "Estudio numeric de la cavitacion en toberas de inyeccion Diesel mediante Grid Computing (Cavigrid) Reference No 2597.Salvador Rubio, FJ.; Ruiz Rosales, S.; Gimeno, J.; De La Morena Borja, J. (2011). Estimation of a suitable Schmidt number range in diesel sprays at high injection pressure. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 50(9):1790-1798. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2011.03.030S1790179850

Passivation layers for nanostructured photoanodes : Ultra-thin oxides on InGaN nanowires

An experimental strategy for systematically assessing the influence of surface passivation layers on the photocatalytic properties of nanowire photoanodes by combining photocurrent analysis, photoluminescence spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy with a systematic variation of sample structure and the surrounding electrolyte is demonstrated. Following this approach we can separate the impact on recombination and transport processes of photogenerated carriers. We apply this strategy to analyze the influence of ultra-thin TiO, CeO and AlO coatings deposited by atomic layer deposition on the photoelectrochemical performance of InGaN/GaN nanowire (NW) photoelectrodes. The passivation of surface states results in an increase of the anodic photocurrent (PC) by a factor of 2.5 for the deposition of 5 nm TiO. In contrast, the PC is reduced for CeO- and AlO-coated NWs due to enhanced defect recombination in the passivation layer or increased band discontinuities. Furthermore, photoelectrochemical oxidation of the InGaN/GaN NW photoelectrode is attenuated by the TiO layer and completely suppressed for a layer thickness of 7 nm or more. Due to efficient charge transfer from the InGaN NW core a stable TiO-covered photoanode with visible light excitation is realized

Factors influencing citrus fruit scarring caused by Pezothrips kellyanus

[EN] Kelly s citrus thrips (KCT) Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a recently recorded cosmopolitan citrus pest, causing fruit scarring that results in downgrading of fruit. Due to the detrimental effects caused on fruits by KCT, we wanted to study some of the factors influencing fruit scarring. Specifically, the objectives were: (1) to determine the fruit development stage when citrus fruits are damaged by KCT and the population structure of KCT during this period, (2) to study the influence of temperature on intensity of damage, and finally, (3) to identify alternative host plants. KCT populations on flowers and fruitlets and alternate plant hosts were sampled in four citrus orchards from 2008 to 2010. The percentage of damaged fruits was also recorded. The exotic vine Araujia sericifera (Apocynaceae) was recorded as a new host for KCT. Thrips scarring started to increase at 350 650 degree-days (DD) above 10.2 C, coinciding with a peak abundance of the second instar larval stages over all 3 years of the study. The maximum percentage of larval stages of KCT was observed in the 3 years at about 500 DD, a period which corresponds to the end of May or early June. Variation in the severity of fruit scarring appeared to be related to air temperature. Temperature likely affects the synchronisation between the peak in abundance of KCT larvae, and the period when fruitlets are susceptible to thrips damage. Temperature can also influence the survival and development of KCT populations in citrus and other host plants in the citrus agro-ecosystem.The authors thank Alejandro Tena for his valuable suggestions and two anonymous referees for their careful review and helpful comments. We also extend our thanks to the owners of the commercial orchards for giving us permission to use their citrus orchards. The first author was awarded an FPI fellowship from the Polytechnic University of Valencia to obtain her PhD degree.Navarro Campos, C.; Pekas, A.; Aguilar Martí, MA.; Garcia Marí, F. (2013). Factors influencing citrus fruit scarring caused by Pezothrips kellyanus. Journal of Pest Science. (86):459-467. doi:10.1007/s10340-013-0489-7S45946786Baker GJ (2006) Kelly citrus thrips management. Fact sheet. Government of South Australia, primary industries and resources SA. http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/44875/kctfact_sheet.pdf . Accessed 16 July 2012Baker GJ, Jackman DJ, Keller M, MacGregor A, Purvis S (2002) Development of an integrated pest management system for thrips in Citrus. HAL Final Report CT97007. http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/pestsdiseases/horticulture/horticultural_pests/kelly_citrus_thrips/research_report_1997-2000 . Accessed 16 July 2012Bedford ECG (1998) Thrips, wind and other blemishes. Citrus pests in the Republic of South Africa. In: Bedford ECG, van den Berg MA, de Villiers EA (eds) ARC-Institute for tropical and subtropical crops, Nelspruit, South Africa, pp 170–183Blank RH, Gill GSC (1997) Thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) on flowers and fruit of citrus in New Zealand. N Z J Crop Hortic Sci 25:319–332Chellemi D, Funderburk F, Hall D (1994) Seasonal abundance of flower-inhabiting Frankliniella species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on wild plant species. Environ Entomol 23:337–342Conti F, Tuminelli R, Amico C, Fisicaro R, Frittitta C, Perrotta G, Marullo R (2001) Monitoring Pezothrips kellyanus on citrus in eastern Sicily, Thrips and tospoviruses. In: Proceedings of the 7th international symposium on Thysanoptera, Reggio Calabria, 1–8 July 2001, Italy, pp 207–210Costa L, Mateus C, zurStrassen R, Franco JC (2006) Thrips (Thysanoptera) associated to lemon orchards in the Oeste region of Portugal. IOBC/WPRS Bull 29:285–291European Plant Protection Organisation Reporting Service [EPPO] (2006) Pezothrips kellyanus. http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRAdocs_insects/06-12760%20DS%20PEZTKE.doc. Accessed 18 June 2012European Plant ProtectionOrganisation Reporting Service [EPPO] (2005) Scirtothrips aurantii, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis. EPPO Bull 35:353–356Franco JC, Garcia-Marí F, Ramos AP, Besri M (2006) Survey on the situation of citrus pest management in Mediterranean countries. IOBC/WPRS Bull 29:335–346Froud KJ, Stevens PS, Steven D (2001) Survey of alternative host plants for Kelly’s citrus thrips (Pezothrips kellyanus) in citrus growing regions. N Z Plant Prot 54:15–20Gomez-Clemente F (1952) Un tisanóptero causante de daños en las naranjas de algunas zonas de Levante. Boletín de Patología Vegetal y Entomología Agrícola 19:135–146Grout TG, Morse JG, O’Connell NV, Flaherty DL, Goodell PB, Freeman MW, Coviello RL (1986) Citrus thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) phenology and sampling in the San Joaquin Valley. J Econ Entomol 79:1516–1523Horton J (1918) The citrus thrips. US Dep Agric Bull 616:1–42Kirk WDJ (1987) A key to the larvae of some common Australian flower thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera), with a host-plant survey. Aust J Zool 35:173–185Lacasa A, Llorens JM, Sánchez JA (1996) Un Scirtothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) causa daños en los cítricos en España. Bol San Veg Plagas 22:79–95Lewis HC (1935) Factors influencing citrus thrips damage. J Econ Entomol 28:1011–1015Lewis T (1997) Distribution, abundance and population dynamics. In: Lewis T (ed) Thrips as crop pests. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 217–258Lovatt C, Streeter S, Minter T, O’connell N, Flaherty D, Freeman M, Goodell P (1984) Phenology of flowering in Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, cv. Washington navel orange. Proc Int Soc Citric 1:186–190Marullo R (1998) Pezothrips kellyanus, un nuovo tripide parassita delle colture meridionali. Informatore Fitopatologico 48:72–75Milne JR, Milne M, Walter GH (1997) A key to larval thrips (Thysanoptera) from Granite Belt stonefruit trees and a first description of Pseudanaphothrips achaetus (Bagnall) larvae. Aust J Entomol 36:319–326Mound LA, Jackman DJ (1998) Thrips in the economy and ecology of Australia, In: Zalucki MP, RAI Drew RAI, White GG (eds) Pest Management: future challenges, Proceedings of the sixth Australian applied entomological research conference, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, pp 472–478Mound LA, Marullo R (1996) The thrips of Central and South America (Insecta: Thysanoptera): an introduction. Mem Entomol Int 6:1–487Mound LA, Walker AK (1982) Terebrantia (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Fauna N Z 1:1–113Navarro-Campos C, Marzal C, Aguilar A, GarciaMarí F (2010) Presencia del microlepidóptero Anatrachyntisbadia en cítricos: descripción, comportamiento y daños al fruto. Levante Agrícola 402:270–276Navarro-Campos C, Aguilar A, Garcia-Marí F (2011) Population trend and fruit damage of Pezothrips kellyanus in citrus orchards in Valencia (Spain). IOBC/WPRS Bull 62: 285–292Navarro-Campos C, Aguilar A, Garcia-Marí F (2012) Aggregation pattern, sampling plan and intervention threshold for Pezothrips kellyanus in citrus groves. Entomol Exp Appl 142:130–139Northfield TD, Paini DR, Funderburk JE, Reitz SR (2008) Annual cycles of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) thrips abundance on North Florida uncultivated reproductive hosts: predicting possible sources of pest outbreaks. Ann Entomol Soc Am 101:769–778Orphanides G (1997) Thrips on citrus. Annual Review for 1997. Agricultural Research Institute, Nicosia, CyprusPerrotta G, Conti F (2008) A threshold hypothesis for an integrated control of thrips infestation on citrus in South-Eastern Sicily. IOBC/WPRS Bull 38:204–209Reitz S, Yu-lin G, Zhong-ren L (2011) Thrips: pests of concern to China and the United States. Agric Sci China 10:867–892Rhodes AA, Morse JG (1989) Scirtothrips citri sampling and damage prediction on California navel oranges. Agric Ecosyst Environ 26:117–129Schellhorn NA, Glatz RV, Wood GM (2010) The risk of exotic and native plants as hosts for four pest thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripinae). Bull Entomol Res 100:501–510Schweizer H, Morse JG (1997) Estimating the level of fruit scarring by citrus thrips from temperature conditions prior to the end of bloom. Crop Prot 16:743–752Smith D, Beattie GAC, Broadley R (eds) (1997) Citrus pests and their natural enemies: integrated pest management in Australia. Information series Q197030. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, BrisbaneStatgraphics (1994) Version 5.1 Plus. Statistical Graphics System by Statistical Graphics Corporation. Manugistics, RockvilleTanigoshi LK, Nishio JY, Moreno DS, Fargerlund J (1980) Effect of temperature on development and survival of Scirtothrips citri on citrus foliage. Ann Entomol Soc Am 73: 378–338Teksam I, Tunç I (2009) An analysis of Thysanoptera associated with citrus flowers in Antalya, Turkey: composition, distribution, abundance and pest status of species. Appl Entomol Zool 44:455–464Varikou K, Tsitsipis JA, Alexandrakis V, Mound LA (2002) Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a new pest of citrus trees in Crete, In: Proceedings of the VII European congress of entomology, Thessaloniki, Greece, 7–13 Oct 2002, p 33Varikou K, Tsitsipis I, Alexandrakis V, Hoddle M (2009) Effect of temperature on the development and longevity of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 102:835–841Varikou K, Birouraki A, Tsitsipis I, Sergentani CHR (2012) Effect of temperature on the fecundity of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 105:60–65Vassiliou VA (2007) Chemical control of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in citrus plantations in Cyprus. Crop Prot 26:1579–1584Vassiliou VA (2010) Ecology and behavior of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Citrus. J Econ Entomol 103:47–53Vierbergen G, Kucharczyk H, Kirk WDJ (2010) A key to the second instar larvae of the Thripidae of the Western Palearctic region. Tijdschr Entomol 153:99–160Webster KW, Cooper P, Mound LA (2006) Studies on Kelly’s citrus thrips, Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): sex attractants, host associations and country of origin. Aust J Entomol 45:67–74Wiesenborn W, Morse JG (1986) Feeding rate of Scirtothripscitri (Moulton) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as influenced by life stage and temperature. Environ Entomol 15:763–76

A Computational Method Based on the Integration of Heterogeneous Networks for Predicting Disease-Gene Associations

The identification of disease-causing genes is a fundamental challenge in human health and of great importance in improving medical care, and provides a better understanding of gene functions. Recent computational approaches based on the interactions among human proteins and disease similarities have shown their power in tackling the issue. In this paper, a novel systematic and global method that integrates two heterogeneous networks for prioritizing candidate disease-causing genes is provided, based on the observation that genes causing the same or similar diseases tend to lie close to one another in a network of protein-protein interactions. In this method, the association score function between a query disease and a candidate gene is defined as the weighted sum of all the association scores between similar diseases and neighbouring genes. Moreover, the topological correlation of these two heterogeneous networks can be incorporated into the definition of the score function, and finally an iterative algorithm is designed for this issue. This method was tested with 10-fold cross-validation on all 1,126 diseases that have at least a known causal gene, and it ranked the correct gene as one of the top ten in 622 of all the 1,428 cases, significantly outperforming a state-of-the-art method called PRINCE. The results brought about by this method were applied to study three multi-factorial disorders: breast cancer, Alzheimer disease and diabetes mellitus type 2, and some suggestions of novel causal genes and candidate disease-causing subnetworks were provided for further investigation

Antiretroviral Therapy Outcomes in HIV-Infected Children after Adjusting Protease Inhibitor Dosing during Tuberculosis Treatment

Modification of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r)-based antiretroviral therapy is required for HIV-infected children co-treated for tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to determine virologic and toxicity outcomes among TB/HIV co-treated children with the following modifications to their antiretroviral therapy (ART): (1) super-boosted LPV/r, (2) double-dose LPV/r or (3) ritonavir.A medical record review was conducted at two clinical sites in Johannesburg, South Africa. The records of children 6-24 months of age initiating LPV/r-based therapy were reviewed. Children co-treated for TB were categorized based on the modifications made to their ART regimen and were compared to children of the same age at each site not treated for TB. Included are 526 children, 294 (56%) co-treated for TB. All co-treated children had more severe HIV disease, including lower CD4 percents and worse growth indicators, than comparisons. Children in the super-boosted group (n = 156) were as likely to be virally suppressed (<400 copies/ml) at 6 months as comparisons (69.2% vs. 74.8%, p = 0.36). Children in the double-dose (n = 47) and ritonavir groups (n = 91) were significantly less likely to be virally suppressed at 6 months (53.1% and 49.3%) than comparisons (74.8% and 82.1%; p = 0.02 and p<0.0001, respectively). At 12 months only children in the ritonavir group still had lower rates of virological suppression relative to comparisons (63.9% vs 83.3% p<0.05). Grade 1 or greater ALT elevations were more common in the super-boosted (75%) than double-dose (54.6%) or ritonavir (33.9%) groups (p = 0.09 and p<0.0001) but grade 3/4 elevations were observed in 3 (13.6%) of the super-boosted, 7 (15.9%) of the double-dose and 5 (8.9%) of the ritonavir group (p = 0.81 and p = 0.29).Good short-term virologic outcomes were achieved in children co-treated for TB and HIV who received super-boosted LPV/r. Treatment limiting toxicity was rare. Strategies for increased dosing of LPV/r with TB treatment warrant further investigation

Study of mass and momentum transfer in diesel sprays base on X-ray mass distribution measurements and on a theoretical derivation

[EN] In this paper, a research aimed at quantifying mass and momentum transfer in the near-nozzle field of diesel sprays injected into stagnant ambient air is reported. The study combines X-ray measurements for two different nozzles and axial positions, which provide mass distributions in the spray, with a theoretical model based on momentum flux conservation, which was previously validated. This investigation has allowed the validation of Gaussian profiles for local fuel concentration and velocity near the nozzle exit, as well as the determination of Schmidt number at realistic diesel spray conditions. This information could be very useful for those who are interested in spray modeling, especially at high-pressure injection conditions. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.This work was partly sponsored by "Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion'' of the "Universidad Politecnica de Valencia'' in the frame of the project "Estudio del flujo en el interior de toberas de inyeccion Diesel'', reference no. 3150 and by "Generalitat Valenciana'' in the frame of the project with the same title and reference GV/2009/031. This support is gratefully acknowledged by the authors.Desantes, J.; Salvador Rubio, FJ.; López, JJ.; De La Morena, J. (2011). Study of mass and momentum transfer in diesel sprays base on X-ray mass distribution measurements and on a theoretical derivation. Experiments in Fluids. 50(2):233-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-010-0919-8S233246502Abramovich GN (1963) The theory of turbulent jets. MIT Press, Cambridge, MAAdler D, Lyn WT (1969) The evaporation and mixing of a liquid fuel spray in a Diesel air swirl. Proc Instn Mech Eng 184:171–180Coghe A, Cossali GE (1994) Phase Doppler characterisation of a Diesel spray injected into a high density gas under vaporisation regimes. In: 7th international symposium on application of laser techniques to fluid mechanics, LisbonCorreas D (1998) Theoretical and experimental study of isothermal Diesel free sprays (in Spanish). PhD Thesis, Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaCossali GE (2001) An integral model for gas entrainment into full cone sprays. J Fluid Mech 439:353–366Dent JC (1971) A basis for the comparison of various experimental methods for studying spray penetration. SAE Paper 710571Desantes JM, Payri R, Salvador FJ, Gil A (2006a) Deduction and validation of a theoretical model for a free diesel Spray. Fuel 85:910–917Desantes JM, Arrègle J, López JJ, Cronhjort A (2006b) Scaling laws for free turbulent gas jets and Diesel-like sprays. Atomization Spray 16:443–473Desantes JM, Payri R, García JM, Salvador FJ (2007) A contribution to the understanding of isothermal diesel spray dynamics. Fuel 86:1093–1101Dumouchel C (2008) On the experimental investigation on primary atomization of liquid streams. Exp Fluids 45:371–422Heimgärtner C, Leipertz A (2000) of the primary spray break-up close to the nozzle of a common-rail high pressure diesel injection system. SAE Paper 2000-01-1799Hinze JO (1975) Turbulence. McGraw Hill, New YorkHiroyasu H, Arai M (1990) Structures of fuel sprays in diesel engines. SAE Paper 900475Jawad B, Gulari E, Henein NA (1992) Characteristics of intermittent fuel sprays. Combust Flame 88:384–396Lefèbvre AH (1989) Atomization and sprays. Hemisphere, New YorkLeick P, Riedel T, Bittlinger G, Powell CF, Kastengren AL, Wang J (2007) X-Ray measurements of the mass distribution in the dense primary break-up region of the spray from a standard multi-hole common-rail diesel injection system. In: Proc 21st ILASS (Europe)Linne M, Paciaroni M, Hall T, Parker T (2006) Ballistic imaging of the near field in a diesel spray. Exp Fluids 40:836–846Naber J, Siebers DL (1996) Effects of gas density and vaporisation on penetration and dispersion of diesel sprays. SAE Paper 960034Payri F, Bermúdez V, Payri R, Salvador FJ (2004) The influence of cavitation on the internal flow and the Spray characteristics in diesel injection nozzles. Fuel 83:419–431Payri R, García JM, Salvador FJ, Gimeno J (2005) Using spray momentum flux measurements to understand the influence of diesel nozzle geometry on spray characteristics. Fuel 84:551–561Payri R, Tormos B, Salvador FJ, Araneo L (2008) Spray droplet velocity characterization for convergent nozzles with three different diameters. Fuel 87:3176–3182Post S, Iyer V, Abraham J (2000) A study of near-field entrainment in gas jets and sprays under diesel conditions. ASME J Fluids Eng 122:385–395Prasad CMV, Kar S (1976) An investigation on the diffusion of momentum and mass of fuel in a diesel fuel spray. ASME J Eng Power 76-DGP-1:1–11Rajaratnam N (1976) Turbulent jets. Elsevier, AmsterdamRamirez AI, Som S, Aggarwal SK, Kastengren AL, El-Hannouny EM, Longman DE, Powell CF (2009) Quantitative X-ray measurements of high-pressure fuel sprays from a production heavy duty diesel injector. Exp Fluids 47:119–134Reitz RD, Bracco FV (1982) Mechanism of atomisation of a liquid jet. Phys Fluids 25(10):1730–1742Ricou FP, Spalding DB (1961) Measurements of entrainment by axisymmetrical turbulent jets. J Fluid Mech 11:21–32Rife J, Heywood JB (1974) Photographic and performance studies of diesel combustion with a rapid compression machine. SAE Paper 740948Roisman IV, Tropea C (2001) Flux measurements in sprays using phase doppler techniques. Atomization Spray 11:667–699Roisman IV, Araneo L, Tropea C (2007) Effect of ambient pressure on penetration of a diesel spray. Int J Multiphase Flow 33(8):904–920Saliba R, Baz I, Champoussin JC, Lance M, Marié JL (2004) Cavitation effect on the near nozzle spray development in high-pressure diesel injection. In: Proc 19th ILASS (Europe)Schlichting H (1978) Boundary layer theory. McGraw Hill, New YorkSinnamon JF, Lancaster DR, Stiener JC (1980) An experimental and analytical study of engine fuel spray trajectories. SAE Paper 800135Sou A, Hosokawa S, Tomiyama A (2007) Effects of cavitation in a nozzle on liquid jet atomization. Int J Heat Mass Tran 50(17–18):3575–3582Spalding DB (1979) Combustion and mass transfer. Pergamon Press, New YorkSubramaniam S (2001) Statistical modelling of a spray as using the droplet distribution function. Phys Fluids 13(3):624–642Tanner FX, Feigl A, Ciatti SA, Powell CF, Cheong S-K, Liu J, Wang J (2006) Structure of high-velocity dense sprays in the near-nozzle region. Atomization Spray 16:579–597Way RJB (1977) Investigation of interaction between swirl and jets in direct injection diesel engines using a water model. SAE Paper 770412Wu KJ, Santavicca DA, Bracco FV (1984) LDV measurements of drop velocity in diesel-type sprays. AAIA J 22(9):1263–1270Wu KJ, Reitz RD, Bracco FV (1986) Measurements of drop size at the spray edge near the nozzle in atomising liquid jets. Phys Fluids 29(4):941–951Yue Y, Powell CF, Poola R, Wang J, Schaller JK (2001) Quantitative measurements of diesel fuel spray characteristics in the near-nozzle region using X-ray absorption. Atomization Spray 11(4):471–49