An Inherited Small Microdeletion at 15q13.3 in a Patient\ud with Early- Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Copy number variations (CNVs) have been previously associated with several different neurodevelopmental psychiatric\ud disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study consisted of\ud a pilot genome-wide screen for CNVs in a cohort of 16 patients with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and\ud 12 mentally healthy individuals, using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on 44K arrays. A small rare\ud paternal inherited microdeletion (,64 kb) was identified in chromosome 15q13.3 of one male patient with very early onset\ud OCD. The father did not have OCD. The deletion encompassed part of the FMN1 gene, which is involved with the\ud glutamatergic system. This finding supports the hypothesis of a complex network of several genes expressed in the brain\ud contributing for the genetic risk of OCD, and also supports the glutamatergic involvement in OCD, which has been\ud previously reported in the literature.We wish to thank the patients and heathy controls who volunteered to participate in this study.This study was supported by grants to Dras Cappi and Brentani from the Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP); grant number: 2008/11537-7, and from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; protocol number MCT/CNPq 14/2008). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Study of the components of genetic vulnerability in autism spectrum disorder

O transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) é um transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento com apresentação clínica heterogênea. A nova classificação dimensional do DSM-5 permitiu a inclusão de toda a variabilidade fenotípica sob o mesmo guarda-chuva, criando a oportunidade de entender melhor os subgrupos de TEA de acordo com seus mecanismos fisiopatológicos heterogêneos. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar componentes de vulnerabilidade a partir de fatores de risco (escolaridade materna, classe social, estresse e exposição tóxico ambiental durante a gestação, complicações na gravidez e história psiquiátrica familiar) e caracterizar subgrupos de TEA a partir destes componentes. Para evitar qualquer possível agrupamento baseado em parâmetros fenotípicos estabelecidos, como QI e gravidade, analisamos especificamente um grupo de pacientes homogêneos com TEA grave. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) foi realizada em dados de 68 crianças com TEA entre 3 e 7 anos de idade, e encontramos dois componentes principais: PC1, componente de vulnerabilidade genética e metabólica e PC2 componente de vulnerabilidade psicosocial. Com os escores do PCA, realizamos uma análise de clusters . Os resultados mostraram um cluster representando uma dimensão com maior vulnerabilidade genética, e outro com maior exposição a ambiente desfavorável e estressante durante a gestação. A análise de metiloma foi realizada para validar e explorar melhor a diferença entre os subgrupos. Encontramos 11.879 probes (p < 0.05) diferencialmente metiladas (DMPs). Os sítios CpG das DMPs estavam enriquecidos para regiões de metilação variáveis (VMRs). Sondas hipermetiladas apresentaram taxas mais altas nas características rVarBase associadas a SNPs funcionais, indicando maior risco de doença explicado por variações comuns (SNPs). A análise do módulo funcional dos promotores de genes encontrou diferenças relacionadas à resposta imune, processos metabólicos e estresse. A análise do relógio de metilação do DNA mostrou uma tendência de aumento do DNAm Age para ambos o clusters, mas sem diferença estatística. Por fim, a análise do exoma de 33 pacientes representantes dos dois clusters mostrou como esperado que ambos os subgrupos têm variantes raras deletérias, mas sem diferenças entre eles no número de variantes em genes intolerantes à variância de acordo com o escore RVIS. Nossos resultados mostram que estes grupos apresentam diferenças quanto aos componentes de vulnerabilidade uma relacionada com antecedentes genéticos hereditários comuns e, outra mais relacionada à resposta ambiental ao estresse. Este estudo corrobora que variações comuns e raras são importantes, mas influências ambientais devem ser consideradas para melhor encontrar subgrupos de TEAAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with highly heterogeneous clinical presentation. The new dimensional DSM-5 classification allowed the inclusion of all phenotypic variability under the same umbrella, creating the opportunity to better understand ASD subgroups according to its heterogeneous pathophysiology mechanisms. The aim of this study was to search components of vulnerability from risk factors during gestation (mother schooling, social class, stress and environmental toxic exposition during gestation, pregnancy complications and familial psychiatric history) e characterize ASD subgroups from those components. To avoid any possible grouping based on phenotypic established parameters such as IQ and severity, we analysed a group of homogeneous patients with severe ASD specifically. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on data from 68 children with ASD between 3 and 7 years of age, and we found two principal components: PC1, component of genetic and metabolic vulnerability e PC2 component of unfavorable social environment vulnerability. With the PCA scores we performed clustering analysis. The results showed one cluster representing a dimension with stronger genetic vulnerability, and the other with more exposure to unfavorable and stressful environment during gestation. Methylome analysis has been performed to better explore subgroup difference. We found 11.879 (p < 0.05) differentially methylated probes (DMPs). CpG sites from those DMPs were found to be enriched in variable methylated regions (VMRs). The clusters have hypermethylated probes presented higher rates in different rVarBase regulatory regions associated to functional SNPs, indicating they may have different affected regulatory regions and more liability to disease explained by common variations (SNPs). Functional module analysis on gene promoters found differences related to immune response , metabolic processes and stress. DNA methylation clock analysis showed a tendency of higher DNAm Age for both Clusters, but here was no statistical DMAm Age acceleration difference. Lastly exome analysis of 33 patients representing both clusters showed as expected that both subgroups have deleterious rare variants, but without differences between them in the number of variants in genes intolerants to variance according to RVIS score. Our results show that this groups presents differences of vulnerability components, one related to common hereditary genetic antecedents, and another more related to the environmental response to stress. This study corroborates that common and rare variants are important, but environmental influences should be considered to better find subgroups of AS

New and rare variations in the genome of patients with autism spectrum disorders verbal and nonverbal

Estudos de gêmeos e famílias demonstram que os transtornos do espectro do autismo (TEA) apresentam um grande componente genético (~50%), porém sua etiologia ainda é desconhecida, possivelmente devido aos TEA serem caracterizados como doenças complexas, poligênicas e multifatoriais. Recentemente, variações no número de cópias (CNVs, do inglês Copy Number Variations) e mutações pontuais (SNV, do inglês Single Nucleotide Variant) raras, de novo e herdadas foram associadas com TEA, sugerindo novos loci e genes candidatos. No entanto, a grande maioria das alterações descritas são individuais, de forma que analises por agrupamento das mesmas em genes, e busca de funções biológicas ou vias hiper-representadas tem sido uma abordagem para a compreensão dos possíveis mecanismos etiopatológicos dos TEA. Como os TEA são muito heterogêneos clinicamente o uso de endofenótipos específicos para agrupamento das alterações gênicas pode auxiliar a discriminação de vias e processos biológicos relacionados a dimensões fenotípicas. Considerando os estudos realizados em autismo, e a natureza das variações comuns e raras, nesse trabalho foi realizado o sequenciamento do exoma de 1 família de dois irmãos com TEA sindrômico (sequenciamento piloto) e 18 trios de casos esporádicos de TEA, em busca alterações muito raras e/ou de novo com provável impacto funcional nos pacientes; Além disso, foi analisado se existe diferença entre as vias biológicas hiper-representadas de redes gênicas crescidas a partir dos genes que apresentavam variações raras e de novo, comparando pacientes de TEA com: (1) pouca ou nenhuma comunicação, chamados de não verbais e (2) média a boa comunicação, chamados de verbais. No sequenciamento piloto da família dos irmãos com TEA sindrômico, encontramos 1 duplicação em 4p16.3 e 1 deleção em 8p23.3, em ambos os irmãos; alterações estas encontradas em estudos previos em pacientes com características sindrômicas e TEA; na análise de SNVs e Indels foi encontrada 1 variação de novo e 117 variações não-sinônimas raras herdadas de um dos pais na irmã e 150 variações não-sinônimas raras herdadas de um dos pais no irmão; a análise de vias revelou que os genes com as mutações pontuais raras estavam hiper-representados em regiões cromossômicas diferentes em cada irmão (no cromossomo 1 na paciente do sexo feminino e no cromossomo 16 no paciente do sexo masculino), o que pode estar relacionado às diferenças fenotípicas por eles apresentadas. No sequenciamento do exoma dos trios foram encontradas alterações de novo em 9 dos pacientes: 1 CNV de novo (deleção) de 1,5Mb na região 3q29, região previamente associada com síndrome e transtornos do desenvolvimento; e 8 genes alterados por mutações pontuais de novo, dos quais um dele é o GABBR2, que apresenta evidência de associação com TEA. A análise de vias e redes das variantes herdadas raras, mostrou que muitos dos genes relacionados aos dois grupos verbais e não verbais são genes já associados com TEA ou que apresentam interação com aqueles genes associados ao TEA. As analises de vias e redes precisam ser replicadas em amostras maiores, mas com nossos resultados preliminares podemos perceber que nosso estudo contribui com alterações em genes de vias relacionadas a neurogênese e sinaptogênese, independentemente do fenótipo, que possam refletir um conjunto de genes específicos e ou numero de alterações relacionadas a gravidade do TEAStudies of twins and families have shown that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable (~50%), but its etiology is still unknown, possibly because it is a very heterogeneous phenotype and have multiple genes involved in its development, what characterizes a complex disease such as ASD. Recently, copy number variations (CNVs) and point mutations (SNVs) rare, inherited e de novo, were associated with ASD, suggesting new candidate genes and loci. Because they are very rare, the vast majority of the changes described are individual, so the analysis of different variations grouped by genes and searching for biological functions or hyper represented pathways has been an approach for understanding possible pathogenic mechanisms of ASD. As ASD is clinically very heterogeneous, the use of endophenotypes, specific grouping of genomic changes can help discriminating pathways and biological processes related to phenotypic dimensions. Considering the studies in autism, and the nature of common and rare variants, we sequenced all exons (exome) of 1 family with syndromic ASD (pilot sequencing) and 18 trios of sporadic ASD cases to search for de novo and rare variations with probable functional impact on Brazilian patients; Also, we analyzed whether there is a difference in the enrichment of biological pathways of gene networks from the list of genes affected with de novo and rare deleterious variants in two groups of ASD patients: (1) cases with little or no communication, called nonverbal and (2) cases with average to good communication, called verbal. In the pilot exome sequencing (ASD syndromic family), we found a duplication in 4p16.3 and a deletion in 8p23.3 in both siblings, alterations that were found in patients with syndromes and ASD in previously studies; the analysis of SNVs showed 1 variation de novo and 117 nonsynonymous rare variations inherited from only 1 of the parents in the female sibling, and 150 nonsynonymous rare variations inherited from only 1 of the parents in the male sibling; Pathway analysis revealed enrichment differences of chromosomal regions for each sibling (chromosome 1 for the female patient and chromosome 16 for the male patient), what may be related to their phenotypic differences. In the exome sequencing of trios, as expected, it was found de novo variation in 9 of the patients: 1 de novo CNV (deletion) of 1.5 Mb in the region 29 of the long arm of chromosome 3, a region previously associated with syndrome and developmental disorders; and 8 genes altered by de novo variations, one of those is in the GABBR2, gene with previous evidence of association with ASD. The pathways and networks analysis of rare inherited variants showed that many of the genes related to the two groups verbal and nonverbal are already associated with ASD or interacts with those genes associated with ASD. This pathway and gene network analyses need to be replicated in larger samples, but our preliminary results shows that our study contributes with variations in genes related to neurogenesis and synaptogenesis pathways, regardless of phenotype, with probable impact to specific genes that may be related to severity of clinical presentatio

O papel do polimorfismo funcional VNTR da região promotora do gene MAOA nos transtornos psiquiátricos

INTRODUÇÃO: Muitos estudos têm investigado a associação do polimorfismo VNTR (número variável de repetições em série) localizado na região promotora do gene da enzima monoamina oxidase A (MAOA) com alterações no comportamento humano e em diversos transtornos psiquiátricos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi revisar a literatura sobre a participação desse polimorfismo funcional na modulação do comportamento humano para o desenvolvimento dos transtornos psiquiátricos. MÉTODO: A pesquisa foi realizada na literatura em inglês, de janeiro de 1998 a junho de 2009, disponível no Medline, Embase, Web of Science e na base de dados PsycInfo, utilizando os seguintes termos: "MAOA e comportamento humano" e "MAOA e psiquiatria". RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 3.873 estudos. Desses, 109 foram selecionados e incluídos na revisão. Encontrou-se associação de alelos de baixa atividade do VNTR com transtorno de personalidade antissocial, transtorno de conduta, transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, jogo patológico e dependência de substâncias. Alelos da alta atividade da MAOA foram associados a depressão, ansiedade, neuroticismo e anorexia nervosa. Não se encontrou associação entre polimorfismos da MAOA e esquizofrenia e transtorno bipolar. CONCLUSÃO: Os principais achados dão suporte ao papel do polimorfismo VNTR da região promotora do gene da MAOA em alguns transtornos psiquiátricos, apesar das divergências encontradas devidas às dificuldades metodológicas de estudos em genética. De modo geral, os estudos associam os alelos de baixa atividade da MAOA com comportamentos impulsivos e agressivos ("comportamentos hiperativos"), enquanto os alelos de alta atividade do gene são mais associados a "comportamentos hipoativos"

Putative contributions of the sex chromosome proteins SOX3 and SRY to neurodevelopmental disorders

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoalde Nível Superior, Grant/Award Number: DSProgramDS-1750212PROEX-1669479PROEX-33002010073P7; Fundaçãode Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo,Grant/Award Number: 2011/04956-62011/14658-22014/00041-12014/00591-12014/10488-32015/06281-7; Universidade Federaldo ABC, Grant/Award Number: InstitutionalScholarship; UFABC; CAPES, Grant/AwardNumber: DS-1750212; FAPESP, Grant/AwardNumbers: 2014/10488-3, 2011/04956-6,2014/00591-1, 2014/00041-1,2015/06281-7, 2011/14658-2.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP. Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica . São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP. Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica . São Paulo, SP, Brazil / University of São Paulo. Inter-institutional Grad Program on Bioinformatics. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Federal University of ABC. Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition. Santo André, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP. Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica . São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP. Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica . São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials. Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory. Campinas, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP. Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica . São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP. Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica . São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP. Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica . São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária - Entomologia. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials. Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory. Campinas, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP. Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica . São Paulo, SP, Brazil / University of São Paulo. Inter-institutional Grad Program on Bioinformatics. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Psiquiatria. Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD). São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.The male-biased prevalence of certain neurodevelopmental disorders and the sex-biased outcomes associated with stress exposure during gestation have been previously described. Here, we hypothesized that genes distinctively targeted by only one or both homologous proteins highly conserved across therian mammals, SOX3 and SRY, could induce sexual adaptive changes that result in a differential risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. ChIP-seq/chip data showed that SOX3/SRY gene targets were expressed in different brain cell types in mice. We used orthologous human genes in rodent genomes to extend the number of SOX3/SRY set (1,721). These genes were later found to be enriched in five modules of coexpressed genes during the early and mid-gestation periods (FDR < 0.05), independent of sexual hormones. Genes with differential expression (24, p < 0.0001) and methylation (40, p < 0.047) between sexes were overrepresented in this set. Exclusive SOX3 or SRY target genes were more associated with the late gestational and postnatal periods. Using autism as a model sex-biased disorder, the SOX3/SRY set was enriched in autism gene databases (FDR ≤ 0.05), and there were more de novo variations from the male autism spectrum disorder (ASD) samples under the SRY peaks compared to the random peaks (p < 0.024). The comparison of coexpressed networks of SOX3/SRY target genes between male autism and control samples revealed low preservation in gene modules related to stress response (99 genes) and neurogenesis (78 genes). This study provides evidence that while SOX3 is a regulatory mechanism for both sexes, the male-exclusive SRY also plays a role in gene regulation, suggesting a potential mechanism for sex bias in ASD

Environmental Influences Measured by Epigenetic Clock and Vulnerability Components at Birth Impact Clinical ASD Heterogeneity

Although Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is recognized as being heavily influenced by genetic factors, the role of epigenetic and environmental factors is still being established. This study aimed to identify ASD vulnerability components based on familial history and intrauterine environmental stress exposure, explore possible vulnerability subgroups, access DNA methylation age acceleration (AA) as a proxy of stress exposure during life, and evaluate the association of ASD vulnerability components and AA to phenotypic severity measures. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to search the vulnerability components from 67 mothers of autistic children. We found that PC1 had a higher correlation with psychosocial stress (maternal stress, maternal education, and social class), and PC2 had a higher correlation with biological factors (psychiatric family history and gestational complications). Comparing the methylome between above and below PC1 average subgroups we found 11,879 statistically significant differentially methylated probes (DMPs, p &lt; 0.05). DMPs CpG sites were enriched in variably methylated regions (VMRs), most showing environmental and genetic influences. Hypermethylated probes presented higher rates in different regulatory regions associated with functional SNPs, indicating that the subgroups may have different affected regulatory regions and their liability to disease explained by common variations. Vulnerability components score moderated by epigenetic clock AA was associated with Vineland Total score (p = 0.0036, adjR2 = 0.31), suggesting risk factors with stress burden can influence ASD phenotype

Integrative Variation Analysis Reveals that a Complex Genotype May Specify Phenotype in Siblings with Syndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder

<div><p>It has been proposed that copy number variations (CNVs) are associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and, in conjunction with other genetic changes, contribute to the heterogeneity of ASD phenotypes. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and exome sequencing, together with systems genetics and network analyses, are being used as tools for the study of complex disorders of unknown etiology, especially those characterized by significant genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Therefore, to characterize the complex genotype-phenotype relationship, we performed aCGH and sequenced the exomes of two affected siblings with ASD symptoms, dysmorphic features, and intellectual disability, searching for <i>de novo</i> CNVs, as well as for <i>de novo</i> and rare inherited point variations—single nucleotide variants (SNVs) or small insertions and deletions (indels)—with probable functional impacts. With aCGH, we identified, in both siblings, a duplication in the 4p16.3 region and a deletion at 8p23.3, inherited by a paternal balanced translocation, t(4, 8) (p16; p23). Exome variant analysis found a total of 316 variants, of which 102 were shared by both siblings, 128 were in the male sibling exome data, and 86 were in the female exome data. Our integrative network analysis showed that the siblings’ shared translocation could explain their similar syndromic phenotype, including overgrowth, macrocephaly, and intellectual disability. However, exome data aggregate genes to those already connected from their translocation, which are important to the robustness of the network and contribute to the understanding of the broader spectrum of psychiatric symptoms. This study shows the importance of using an integrative approach to explore genotype-phenotype variability.</p></div

Summary diagram of the variations found in the two siblings.

<p>Summary diagram of the variations found in the two siblings.</p

Summary of the characteristics observed in our patients, compared with those of other cases described in the literature.

<p>Summary of the characteristics observed in our patients, compared with those of other cases described in the literature.</p

Details of the hemizygous variations found in the exome of the male sibling.

<p>Details of the hemizygous variations found in the exome of the male sibling.</p