Encoding speech rate in challenging listening conditions: White noise and reverberation

Temporal contrasts in speech are perceived relative to the speech rate of the surrounding context. That is, following a fast context sentence, listeners interpret a given target sound as longer than following a slow context, and vice versa. This rate effect, often referred to as “rate-dependent speech perception,” has been suggested to be the result of a robust, low-level perceptual process, typically examined in quiet laboratory settings. However, speech perception often occurs in more challenging listening condi- tions. Therefore, we asked whether rate-dependent perception would be (partially) compromised by signal degradation relative to a clear listening condition. Specifically, we tested effects of white noise and reverberation, with the latter specifically distorting temporal information. We hypothesized that signal degradation would reduce the precision of encoding the speech rate in the context and thereby reduce the rate effect relative to a clear context. This prediction was borne out for both types of degradation in Experiment 1, where the context sentences but not the subsequent target words were degraded. However, in Experiment 2, which compared rate effects when contexts and targets were coherent in terms of signal quality, no reduction of the rate effect was found. This suggests that, when confronted with coherently degraded signals, listeners adapt to challenging listening situations, eliminating the difference between rate-dependent perception in clear and degraded conditions. Overall, the present study contributes towards understanding the consequences of different types of listening environments on the functioning of low- level perceptual processes that listeners use during speech perception

Ultraviolet and thermally stable polymer compositions

A class of polymers is provided, namely, poly(diarylsiloxy) arylazines. These polymers have a basic chemical composition which has the property of stabilizing the optical and physical properties of the polymer against the degradative effect of ultraviolet light and high temperatures. This stabilization occurs at wavelengths including those shorter than found on the surface of the earth and in the absence or presence of oxygen, making the polymers of the present invention useful for high performance coating applications in extraterrestrial space as well as similar applications in terrestrial service. The invention also provides aromatic azines which are useful in the preparation of polymers such as those of the present invention

Ultraviolet and thermally stable polymer compositions

A new class of polymers is provided, namely, poly (diarylsiloxy) arylazines. These novel polymers have a basic chemical composition which has the property of stabilizing the optical and physical properties of the polymer against the degradative effect of ultraviolet light and high temperatures. This stabilization occurs at wavelengths including those shorter than found on the surface of the earth and in the absence or presence of oxygen, making the polymers useful for high performance coating applications in extraterrestrial space as well as similar applications in terrestrial service. The invention also provides novel aromatic azines which are useful in the preparation of polymers such as those described

Ultraviolet and thermally stable polymer compositions

Copolymers, produced from aromatic substituted aromatic azine-siloxane compositions, are thermally stable, solar ultraviolet light non-degradable by wavelengths shorter than those reaching earth surface

Ehrenfest theorem, Galilean invariance and nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations

Galilean invariant Schr\"odinger equations possessing nonlinear terms coupling the amplitude and the phase of the wave function can violate the Ehrenfest theorem. An example of this kind is provided. The example leads to the proof of the theorem: A Galilean invariant Schr\"odinger equation derived from a lagrangian density obeys the Ehrenfest theorem. The theorem holds for any linear or nonlinear lagrangian.Comment: Latex format, no figures, submitted to journal of physics

Selective attention to a specific talker does not change the effect of surrounding acoustic context

Spoken sentences contain considerable prosodic variation, for instance in their speech rate [1]. One mechanism by which the listener can overcome such variation is by interpreting the durations of speech sounds relative to the surrounding speech rate. Indeed, in a fast context, a durationally ambiguous sound is perceived as longer than in a slow context [2]. In abstractionist models of spoken word comprehension, this process – known as rate normalization – affects pre-lexical representations before abstract phonological representations are accessed [3]. A recent study [4] provided support for such an early perceptual locus of rate normalization. In that study, participants performed a visual search task that induced high (large grid) vs. low (small grid) cognitive load, while listening to fast and slow context sentences. Context sentences were followed by durationally ambiguous targets. Fast sentences were shown to bias target perception towards more ‘long’ target segments than slow contexts. Critically, changes in cognitive load did not modulate this rate effect. These findings support a model in which normalization processes arise early during perceptual processing; too early to be affected by attentional modulation. The present study further evaluated the cognitive locus of normalization processes by testing the influence of another form of attention: auditory stream segregation. Specifically, if listeners are presented with a fast and a slow talker at the same time but in different ears, does explicitly attending to one or the other stream influence target perception? The aforementioned model [4] predicts that selective attention should not influence target perception, since normalization processes should be robust against changes in attention allocation. Alternatively, if attention does modulate normalization processes, two participants, one attending to fast, the other to slow speech, should show different perception. Dutch participants (Expt 1: N=32; Expt 2: N=16; Expt 3: N=16) were presented with 200 fast and slow context sentences of various lengths, followed by a target duration continuum ambiguous between, e.g., short target “geven” /ˈxevə/ give vs. long target “gegeven” /xəˈxevə/ given (i.e., 20 target pairs differing presence/absence of unstressed syllable /xə-/). Critically, in Experiment 1, participants heard two talkers simultaneously (talker and location counter-balanced across participants), one (relatively long) sentence at a fast rate, and one (half as long) sentence at a slow rate (rate varied within participants). Context sentences were followed by ambiguous targets from yet another talker (Fig. 1). Half of the participants was instructed to attend to talker A, while the other half attended to talker B. Thus, participants heard identical auditory stimuli, but varied in which talker they attended to. Debriefing questionnaires and transcriptions of attended talkers in filler trials confirmed that participants successfully attended to one talker, and ignored the other. Nevertheless, no effect of attended rate was found (Fig. 2; p>.9), indicating that modulation of attention did not influence participants’ rate normalization. Control experiments showed that it was possible to obtain rate effects with single talker contexts that were either talker-incongruent (Expt 2) or talker-congruent (Expt 3) with the following target (Fig. 1). In both of these experiments, there was a higher proportion of long target responses following a fast context (Fig. 2). This shows that contextual rate affected the perception of syllabic duration and that talker-congruency with the target did not change the effect. Therefore, in line with [4], the current experiments suggest that normalization processes arise early in perception, and are robust against changes in attention

Gadolinium Concentration Analysis in Brain Phantom by X-ray Fluorescence

We have measured the X-ray fluorescence from gadolinium as a function of concentration and position in tumors of different sizes and shapes in a head phantom. The gadolinium fluorescence was excited with a 36 GBq Am-241 source. The fluorescence signal was detected with a CdTe detector and a multi-channel analyzer. The fluorescence peak was clearly separated from the scattered X-rays. Concentrations of 5.62–78.63 mg/ml of Gd ion were used in 1, 2, and 3 cm diameter spherical tumors and a 2 9 4 cm oblate spheroid tumor. The data show trends approaching saturation for the highest concentrations, probably due to reabsorption in the tumor. A comparison of X-ray photographic imaging and densitometer measurements to determine concentration is also presented

Nonlinear interference in a mean-field quantum model

Using similar nonlinear stationary mean-field models for Bose-Einstein Condensation of cold atoms and interacting electrons in a Quantum Dot, we propose to describe the original many-particle ground state as a one-particle statistical mixed state of the nonlinear eigenstates whose weights are provided by the eigenstate non-orthogonality. We search for physical grounds in the interpretation of our two main results, namely, quantum-classical nonlinear transition and interference between nonlinear eigenstates.Comment: RevTeX (pdfLaTeX), 7 pages with 5 png-figures include

Automated Processing of ISIS Topside Ionograms into Electron Density Profiles

Modeling of the topside ionosphere has for the most part relied on just a few years of data from topside sounder satellites. The widely used Bent et al. (1972) model, for example, is based on only 50,000 Alouette 1 profiles. The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) (Bilitza, 1990, 2001) uses an analytical description of the graphs and tables provided by Bent et al. (1972). The Alouette 1, 2 and ISIS 1, 2 topside sounder satellites of the sixties and seventies were ahead of their times in terms of the sheer volume of data obtained and in terms of the computer and software requirements for data analysis. As a result, only a small percentage of the collected topside ionograms was converted into electron density profiles. Recently, a NASA-funded data restoration project has undertaken and is continuing the process of digitizing the Alouette/ISIS ionograms from the analog 7-track tapes. Our project involves the automated processing of these digital ionograms into electron density profiles. The project accomplished a set of important goals that will have a major impact on understanding and modeling of the topside ionosphere: (1) The TOPside Ionogram Scaling and True height inversion (TOPIST) software was developed for the automated scaling and inversion of topside ionograms. (2) The TOPIST software was applied to the over 300,000 ISIS-2 topside ionograms that had been digitized in the fkamework of a separate AISRP project (PI: R.F. Benson). (3) The new TOPIST-produced database of global electron density profiles for the topside ionosphere were made publicly available through NASA s National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) ftp archive at . (4) Earlier Alouette 1,2 and ISIS 1, 2 data sets of electron density profiles from manual scaling of selected sets of ionograms were converted fiom a highly-compressed binary format into a user-friendly ASCII format and made publicly available through nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov. The new database for the topside ionosphere established as a result of this project, has stimulated a multitude of new studies directed towards a better description and prediction of the topside ionosphere. Marinov et al. (2004) developed a new model for the upper ion transition height (Oxygen to Hydrogen and Helium) and Bilitza (2004) deduced a correction term for the I N topside electron density model. Kutiev et al. (2005) used this data to develop a new model for the topside ionosphere scale height (TISH) as a function of month, local time, latitude, longitude and solar flux F10.7. Comparisons by Belehaki et al. (2005) show that TISH is in general agreement with scale heights deduced from ground ionosondes but the model predicts post-midnight and afternoon maxima whereas the ionosonde data show a noon maximum. Webb and Benson (2005) reported on their effort to deduce changes in the plasma temperature and ion composition from changes in the topside electron density profile as recorded by topside sounders. Limitations and possible improvements of the IRI topside model were discussed by Coisson et al. (2005) including also the possible use of the NeQuick model, Our project progressed in close collaboration and coordination with the GSFC team involved in the ISIS digitization effort. The digitization project was highly successful producing a large amount of digital topside ionograms. Several no-cost extensions of the TOPIST project were necessary to keep up with the pace and volume of the digitization effort

Local Properties of the Potential Energy Landscape of a Model Glass: Understanding the Low Temperature Anomalies

Though the existence of two-level systems (TLS) is widely accepted to explain low temperature anomalies in the sound absorption, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and other quantities, an exact description of their microscopic nature is still lacking. We performed computer simulations for a binary Lennard-Jones system, using a newly developed algorithm to locate double-well potentials (DWP) and thus two-level systems on a systematic basis. We show that the intrinsic limitations of computer simulations like finite time and finite size problems do not hamper this analysis. We discuss how the DWP are embedded in the total potential energy landscape. It turns out that most DWP are connected to the dynamics of the smaller particles and that these DWP are rather localized. However, DWP related to the larger particles are more collective