To treat or not to treat: the historical source before the input

Die verschiedenen historischen Disziplinen haben eine Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Fragestellungen an historische Quellen. Aus diesem Grund gibt es sehr unterschiedliche Formen der Präsentation des historischen Materials in den Quellen-Editionen und Datenbänken. Es kann ein vollständiger Text wiedergegeben werden, der nach den Regeln einer philologischen oder historisch-kritischen Ausgabe bearbeitet wurde. Das Problem hierbei ist, Standards für eine Gesamtausgabe zu finden, die von der gesamten Wissenschaftsgemeinde akzeptiert werden können. Es scheint so, daß Standardisierungen einer formalisierten Dokumentation, was die Details der Text-Behandlung anbetrifft, die Austauschbarkeit und allgemeine Benutzbarkeit von maschinen-lesbaren Quellen eher sicherstellt, als die Standardisierung der Textbearbeitung. Eine formalisierte Dokumentation könnte auch für eine computergestützte Produktion kritischer Ausgaben von Quellentexten genutzt werden. (pka)'The various historical disciplines have a lot of different requests to the historical sources. As a result of that there are different ways how to represent a historical source in an edition or in a data-base. A full-text can be represented, e.g., according to the rules of the historical or the philological edition. The problem is to find out a standard of full-text input which is acceptable for the whole scientific community. It is more likely that standardization of formalized documentation (concerning the details of text-treatment) can ensure the exchangeability and general usability of machine-readable sources than standardization of text treatment can do. A formalized documentation could also be used for computer-supported producing of critical editions according to different rules on the basis of one and the same literal transcription.' (author's abstract

Urkunden und Memorialquellen zur älteren Geschichte des Klosters Rosazzo

The edition of the documentary sources comprises the list of donations which contains reports from (allegedly) 1060 to 1341, also charters from 1135 to 1249 and supplementary sources especially from the later Middle Ages, however with lots of references to the early days of the history of the monastery. This is followed by the necrology written shortly before 1300 which has unusually close ties to the list of donations, and the calendar. Additionally there are extensive discussions concerning the history of research, the manuscripts, to certain sources up to controversival questions of localization.Die Edition der dokumentarischen Quellen: umfasst das Schenkungen-Verzeichnis mit Nachrichten von (angeblich) 1060 bis 1341, die Urkunden von 1135 bis 1249 und ergänzende Quellen vor allem aus dem Spätmittelalter, jedoch mit vielen Bezügen auf die Frühzeit der Klostergeschichte. Im Anschluss folgen das kurz vor 1300 angelegte Necrologiumn, welches ungewöhnlich enge Beziehungen mit dem Schenkungen-Verzeichnis aufweist, sowie das Kalendar. Dazu kommen ausführliche Erörterungen zur Forschungsgeschichte, zur handschriftlichen Überlieferung, zu einzelnen Quellen bis hin zu umstrittenen Lokalisierungsfragen

Urkunden und Memorialquellen zur älteren Geschichte des Klosters Rosazzo

The edition of the documentary sources comprises the list of donations which contains reports from (allegedly) 1060 to 1341, also charters from 1135 to 1249 and supplementary sources especially from the later Middle Ages, however with lots of references to the early days of the history of the monastery. This is followed by the necrology written shortly before 1300 which has unusually close ties to the list of donations, and the calendar. Additionally there are extensive discussions concerning the history of research, the manuscripts, to certain sources up to controversival questions of localization

Sepsis related mortality of extremely low gestational age newborns after the introduction of colonization screening for multi-drug resistant organisms

Background: In 2013 German infection surveillance guidelines recommended weekly colonization screening for multidrug-resistant (MDRO) or highly epidemic organisms for neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and extended hygiene measures based on screening results. It remains a matter of debate whether screening is worth the effort. We therefore aimed to evaluate sepsis related outcomes before and after the guideline update. Methods: The German Neonatal Network (GNN) is a prospective cohort study including data from extremely preterm infants between 22 + 0 and 28 + 6 gestational weeks born in 62 German level III NICUs. Results: Infants treated after guideline update (n = 8.903) had a lower mortality (12.5% vs. 13.8%, p = 0.036), reduced rates for clinical sepsis (31.4 vs. 42.8%, p < 0.001) and culture-proven sepsis (14.4% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.003) as compared to infants treated before update (n = 3.920). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, nine pathogens of cultureproven sepsis were associated with sepsis-related death, e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa [OR 59 (19–180), p < 0.001)]. However, the guideline update had no significant effect on pathogen-specific case fatality, total sepsis-related mortality and culture-proven sepsis rates with MDRO. While the exposure of GNN infants to cefotaxime declined over time (31.1 vs. 40.1%, p < 0.001), the treatment rate with meropenem was increased (31.6 vs. 26.3%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The introduction of weekly screening and extended hygiene measures is associated with reduced sepsis rates, but has no effects on sepsis-related mortality and sepsis with screening-relevant pathogens. The high exposure rate to meropenem should be a target of antibiotic stewardship programs

Epidemic Microclusters of Blood-Culture Proven Sepsis in Very-Low-Birth Weight Infants: Experience of the German Neonatal Network

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated blood culture-proven sepsis episodes occurring in microclusters in very-low-birth-weight infants born in the German Neonatal Network (GNN) during 2009-2010. METHODS: Thirty-seven centers participated in GNN; 23 centers enrolled ≥50 VLBW infants in the study period. Data quality was approved by on-site monitoring. Microclusters of sepsis were defined as occurrence of at least two blood-culture proven sepsis events in different patients of one center within 3 months with the same bacterial species. For microcluster analysis, we selected sepsis episodes with typically cross-transmitted bacteria of high clinical significance including gram-negative rods and Enterococcus spp. RESULTS: In our cohort, 12/2110 (0.6%) infants were documented with an early-onset sepsis and 235 late-onset sepsis episodes (≥72 h of age) occurred in 203/2110 (9.6%) VLBW infants. In 182/235 (77.4%) late-onset sepsis episodes gram-positive bacteria were documented, while coagulase negative staphylococci were found to be the most predominant pathogens (48.5%, 95%CI: 42.01-55.01). Candida spp. and gram-negative bacilli caused 10/235 (4.3%, 95%CI: 1.68% -6.83%) and 43/235 (18.5%) late-onset sepsis episodes, respectively. Eleven microclusters of blood-culture proven sepsis were detected in 7 hospitals involving a total 26 infants. 16/26 cluster patients suffered from Klebsiella spp. sepsis. The median time interval between the first patient's Klebsiella spp. sepsis and cluster cases was 14.1 days (interquartile range: 1-27 days). First patients in the cluster, their linked cases and sporadic sepsis events did not show significant differences in short term outcome parameters. DISCUSSION: Microclusters of infection are an important phenomenon for late-onset sepsis. Most gram-negative cluster infections occur within 30 days after the first patient was diagnosed and Klebsiella spp. play a major role. It is essential to monitor epidemic microclusters of sepsis in surveillance networks to adapt clinical practice, inform policy and further improve quality of care